{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:44:25Z","timestamp":1777931065657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,1]],"date-time":"1994-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":757382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The median toxic dose (TD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of type C botulinurn in turkeys was determined using an up-and-down method for toxicologic testing. Birds were dosed intravenously with 10, 20, or 40 mouse lethal dose per kilogram body weight (MLD\/kg) of type C botulism toxin and observed for 5 days. Administration of toxin resulted in acute death, posterior paresis, or no effect, depending upon the dose. The TD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    causing posterior paresis was calculated as 25.75 MLD\/kg (confidence interval = 17.08\u201338.82 MLD\/kg). Posterior paresis was identified as the principal sign associated with sublethal botulism toxicosis in turkeys. The resultant posterior paresis was similar to the clinical syndrome observed in an unsolved field investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:10:00Z","timestamp":1305216600000},"page":"93-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Type C Botulism in Turkeys: Determination of the Median Toxic Dose"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Joan S.","family":"Jeffrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Service, University of California-Davis, Fresno Branch, 2789 South Orange Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis D.","family":"Galey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVDLS, Toxicologic Laboratory, Box 1770, Davis, CA 95617"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol U.","family":"Meteyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Service, University of California-Davis, Fresno Branch, 2789 South Orange Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailu","family":"Kinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVDLS, San Bernardino Branch, Box 5579, San Bernardino, CA 95381"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Rezvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Service, University of California-Davis, Fresno Branch, 2789 South Orange Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014375"},{"key":"bibr2-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.87.9.258"},{"key":"bibr3-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90059-4"},{"key":"bibr4-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90104-7"},{"key":"bibr5-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591233"},{"key":"bibr6-104063879400600116","first-page":"385","volume":"93","author":"Cobum DR","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr7-104063879400600116","first-page":"612","volume":"3","author":"Dickson EC","year":"1917","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr8-104063879400600116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1590027"},{"key":"bibr9-104063879400600116","unstructured":"Eklund MW, Dowell VR, eds. 1987, Avian botulism, an international perspective, pp. 295\u2013314, 323\u2013324, 368\u2013369. 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