{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:19:46Z","timestamp":1780427986323,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]],"date-time":"1996-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":820454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Houndstongue ( Cynoglossum officinale), a noxious weed that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), infests pastures and fields in the western United States and Europe. The purpose of this study was to develop techniques to better diagnose PA poisoning and describe the progression of gross and microscopic lesions caused by houndstongue intoxication. Six horses were gavaged daily with a suspension of houndstongue containing 5 or 15 mg\/kg total PA for 14 days. Two horses were treated similarly with ground alfalfa as controls. Liver biopsy samples and serum biochemical and hematologic values were evaluated biweekly. Within 7 days after dosing, horses treated with 15 mg\/kg PA developed severe liver disease characterized by altered bile acid metabolism, elevated serum enzymes, and extensive hepatocellular necrosis with minimal periportal fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia. The condition of these animals continued to deteriorate, and they were euthanized. For several weeks after dosing, horses treated with 5 mg\/kg PA were depressed, had transient elevations of serum enzymes and bile acids, and developed minimal periportal hepatocellular necrosis with fibrosis. The biochemical changes resolved by 6\u20138 weeks; however, the histologic disease persisted with extensive megalocytosis by week 14. Throughout the study, the rate of hepatocellular proliferation remained constant. Biliary cells had an increase in mitotic rate that correlated with the histologic changes. Hepatic tissue-bound pyrroles (PA metabolites) were identified in necropsy samples of treated animals using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry and photometrically with Ehrlich's reagent. These findings suggest that pyrrole extraction and identification are useful in documenting PA exposure and that houndstongue is extremely toxic to horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879600800113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1305217125000},"page":"81-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pyrrole Detection and the Pathologic Progression of\n                    <i>Cynoglossum Officinale<\/i>\n                    (Houndstongue) Poisoning in Horses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bryan L.","family":"Stegelmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale R.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn F.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell J.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-104063879600800113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80150-8"},{"key":"bibr2-104063879600800113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1989.194.07.929","volume":"194","author":"Baker DC","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr3-104063879600800113","unstructured":"Bull LF, Culvenor CCJ, Dick AT: 1968, 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