{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:46:02Z","timestamp":1777931162087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]],"date-time":"1998-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":907200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Borna disease was originally described as an equine neurologic syndrome over 200 years ago, although the infectious etiology of the disorder was unproven until the early 20th century. Borna disease virus (BDV) was finally isolated from horses dying of the disorder, and that virus has been used to experimentally reproduce Borna disease in several species of laboratory animals. However, BDV has never been inoculated back into horses to experimentally and etiologically confirm the classic clinical, pathologic, and serologic characteristics of the disease in that species. Three ponies were intracerebrally inoculated with different amounts of BDV and were evaluated clinically, serologically, and neurohistopathologically. All 3 animals developed the clinical signs characteristically described for naturally occurring Borna disease, including ataxia, torticollis, postural unawareness, rhythmic repetitive motor activities, muscle fasciculation, and cutaneous hyperesthesia and hypoesthesia over several body surfaces. Two ponies died after rapid onset of these signs 28\u201330 days postinoculation. The third animal made a nearly complete clinical recovery. Seroconversion occurred only after the onset of signs and to a marked degree only in the convalescent animal. Virus was recovered postmortem from 2 of the 3 ponies, and a BDV-specific nucleic acid sequence was detectable in all 3 animals using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction procedure. Gross neural lesions were absent, but histopathologically there was generalized intense mononuclear perivascular cuffing, glial nodule formation, and astrocytosis in all 3 brains. Confirming a diagnosis of Borna disease is difficult and perhaps best accomplished using a combination of the clinical, serologic, and histopathologic indicators of this unusual disease supported by positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1305217125000},"page":"338-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical, Serologic, and Histopathologic Characterization of Experimental Borna Disease in Ponies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jonathan Bruce","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Health Inspection Services, Ames, IA 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Health Inspection Services, Ames, IA 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Lynn","family":"Jenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Health Inspection Services, Ames, IA 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Mary","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Viral Diseases and Respiratory Viruses, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven Alexander","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Viral Diseases and Respiratory Viruses, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Royce William","family":"Waltrip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Viral Diseases and Respiratory Viruses, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(96)01355-X"},{"key":"bibr2-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.12.283"},{"key":"bibr3-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.2.348-351.1995"},{"key":"bibr4-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.11.3431-3440.1987"},{"key":"bibr5-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.11.6154-6164.1991"},{"key":"bibr6-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.3.1453-1460.1993"},{"key":"bibr7-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.12.7669-7675.1994"},{"key":"bibr8-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.2.741-747.1995"},{"key":"bibr9-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1608"},{"key":"bibr10-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.10.241"},{"key":"bibr11-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900204"},{"key":"bibr12-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(95)00036-T"},{"key":"bibr13-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)88877-0"},{"key":"bibr14-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9300-6_10"},{"key":"bibr15-104063879801000405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-9-2215"},{"key":"bibr16-104063879801000405","first-page":"17","volume":"190","author":"Rott 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