{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T14:05:35Z","timestamp":1794319535650,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10000989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10000989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate how crowds evaluate pitches by entrepreneurs with versus without physical disabilities. Leveraging stereotype subtyping, we argue that entrepreneurs with physical disabilities are evaluated as a distinct subtype, rather than as people with disabilities or as conventional entrepreneurs. We hypothesize that benevolent ableism shapes how this subtype is evaluated, inflating both warmth and competence perceptions. Three experiments support our hypotheses, and key informant conversations with professional investors and entrepreneurs with disabilities corroborate the proposed mechanisms. Our findings contribute to unconventional entrepreneurship research by examining how bias can manifest as patronizing positivity rather than overt negative discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587261444756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:48:32Z","timestamp":1779770912000},"page":"1757-1794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Crowd Evaluations of Entrepreneurs with Physical Disabilities: Stereotype Subtyping through the Lens of Benevolent Ableism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Stroe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, University of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotta","family":"Sir\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Responsible Innovation, Sustainability and Energy, University of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Vanacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"},{"name":"University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379703400304"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/etap.12157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken L. S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aiken L. S., West S. G., Reno R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587251347054"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior","author":"Ashmore R. D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ashmore R. D., Del Boca F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In Hamilton D. L. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1\u201335). Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2022.106268"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1042258717728028"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2006.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002561"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.12.1019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0603_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321202111"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Women entrepreneurs, growth, and implications for the classroom","author":"Brush C. G.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brush C. G., Carter N. M., Gatewood E. J., Greene P. G., Hart M. M. (2004). Women entrepreneurs, growth, and implications for the classroom (pp. 47\u201391) [Coleman Foundation White Paper Series]. United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship in a Diverse World."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Women entrepreneurs 2014: Bridging the gender gap in venture capital","author":"Brush C. G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brush C. G., Greene P., Balachandra L., Davis A., Blank A. M. (2014). Women entrepreneurs 2014: Bridging the gender gap in venture capital (pp. 1\u201326). Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship Babson College."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587211026860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587221096906"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12662"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Inciting legal fictions: Disability\u2019s date with ontology and the ableist body of the law","volume":"10","author":"Campbell F. K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campbell F. K. (2001). Inciting legal fictions: Disability\u2019s date with ontology and the ableist body of the law. Griffith Law Review, 10, 42\u201362.","journal-title":"Griffith Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230245181"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2007.00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo1558"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2023.106365"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618813087"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2009.36462018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1042258717725520"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.23.2.161.65626"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","volume-title":"Disability coverage in 16 newspapers","author":"Clogston J. S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clogston J. S. (1990). Disability coverage in 16 newspapers. Advocado."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2008.33664717"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.4.631"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00002-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X314935"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167291171007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00262"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206317690584"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57883-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1137614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00018392251326110"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211071087"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","unstructured":"Equality Act 2010 c. 15 \u00a7 6(1)(a) and (b) (U.K.). https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2010\/15\/contents"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587231192150"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417738825"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X0909002X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60317-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1994.12.2.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","volume-title":"Gut feelings: Short cuts to better decision making","author":"Gigerenzer G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G. (2008). Gut feelings: Short cuts to better decision making. Penguin UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12495"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2012.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2020.1689"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2024.106432"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","volume-title":"Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures","author":"Holmqvist K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holmqvist K., Nystr\u00f6m M., Andersson R., Dewhurst R., Jarodzka H., Van de Weijer J. (2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2014.0397"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520939158"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2020.1842913"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.6.899"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2022.0066"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2021.1974101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-021-00598-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350050305"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21570"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2017.1172"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025799"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/etap.12275"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2011.00475.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2025.106519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119142140"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12337"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587231178865"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-20895-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713662032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2021.e00288"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0283-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-120619"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2014.924904"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242615579112"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0501_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.2.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014445"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430216638536"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0913-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723511433865"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587221127000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02090.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_100_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Prevalence of disabilities and health care access by disability type\u2014United States. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/disability-and-health\/articles-documents\/disabilities-health-care-access.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12390"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02221-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.45.5.961"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6293-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1042258718807478"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.815"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500008512"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2774"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430205053944"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463373.2013.776988"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2018.0579"}],"container-title":["Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10422587261444756","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10422587261444756","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10422587261444756","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:46:12Z","timestamp":1789843572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10422587261444756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10422587261444756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10422587261444756","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-2587","1540-6520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-2587","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-6520","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}