{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:37:33Z","timestamp":1777948653226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004097","name":"Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Programmes labellis\u00e9 PGA 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programmes labellis\u00e9 PGA 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004097","name":"Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Projets ARC 2020 PJA3 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projets ARC 2020 PJA3 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EUR CARe N\u00b0ANR-18-EURE-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EUR CARe N\u00b0ANR-18-EURE-0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Gene Therapy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oncolytic viruses are being investigated as therapeutic agents in cancer, yet their mechanisms of entry into tumor cells remain incompletely understood. We previously showed that SG33, a veterinary vaccinal strain derived from a pathogenic myxoma virus, displays oncolytic activity in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we investigated the entry pathways of SG33 into primary PDAC-derived cultures. We found that macropinocytosis, an endocytic process frequently upregulated in PDAC, contributes to SG33 uptake. Moreover, SG33 infection itself induced macropinocytosis in a subset of primary PDAC cultures. Mechanistic studies revealed that phosphatidylserine exposed on the viral envelope promotes SG33 internalization through apoptotic mimicry. In PDAC cultures lacking detectable macropinocytosis, SG33 employed clathrin-mediated endocytosis as an alternative entry route. These findings provide the first insights into the entry mechanisms of SG33 into PDAC-derived cells and indicate that this virus can utilize distinct endocytic pathways depending on the cellular context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10430342261441043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:16:02Z","timestamp":1775812562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SG33, a Vaccine Strain of Myxoma Virus with Oncolytic Potential, Exploits Macropinocytosis and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis for Entry into Pancreatic Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kontopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CNRS, CRCT (Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Delenclos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CNRS, CRCT (Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Ligat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CNRS, CRCT (Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sokunthea","family":"Top","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeoVirTech SAS, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeoVirTech SAS, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Bertagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Dusetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, INSERM, CRCM (Cancer Research Centre of Marseille), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, University Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Buscail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CNRS, CRCT (Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and pancreatology department, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2096-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Cordelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CNRS, CRCT (Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and pancreatology department, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00719-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2024.200780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060208-104626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0509-510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00840-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0245-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2022.210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-2211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14082022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.80-122.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0791-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2020.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01637-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00571-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00647-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1062-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1143013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02494-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02191-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01802-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90338-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90085-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00897-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00184-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5446.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108019200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231977"}],"container-title":["Human Gene Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10430342261441043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10430342261441043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10430342261441043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:46:22Z","timestamp":1777805182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10430342261441043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10430342261441043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10430342261441043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-0342","1557-7422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-0342","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7422","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"article-number":"10430342261441043"}}