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In China, ocular gene therapy is undergoing rapid clinical translation, with expanding innovation in vector engineering, delivery technologies, genome editing, and therapeutic modalities. Clinical development has progressed from inherited optic neuropathies and retinal diseases to complex acquired ocular disorders, anterior-segment genome editing, and optogenetic vision restoration. This review summarizes the technological landscape and representative clinical advances of ocular gene therapy in China, highlighting the evolution from established gene-replacement approaches toward increasingly differentiated therapeutic strategies. We further discuss key challenges in interpreting clinical benefit and translating early clinical signals into durable, reproducible outcomes. 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