{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:15:48Z","timestamp":1789416948561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with intellectual disability (ID) are more susceptible to adverse effects from standard psychiatric medications, often necessitating the use of off-label treatments. In the limited studies to date, Clonidine has displayed evidence of benefit in treating attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep onset difficulties, behaviors that challenge, and tics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This naturalistic study involved a cross-sectional survey completed by 4 consultant psychiatrists, detailing 50 children with ID treated with Clonidine over a 3-year period. Data collected included treatment indications, dosage, and retrospective Developmental Disabilities Modification of Children\u2019s Global Assessment Scalescores to evaluate functioning before treatment and again 6\u201312 months later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among children who remained stable on Clonidine, ordinal regression analyses revealed that total Clonidine dose, level of ID, concomitant medications, and comorbid diagnoses significantly predicted improved functioning at 2 months, which was sustained after 1 year of treatment with Clonidine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clonidine is useful to treat ADHD, sleep difficulties, tics, and behaviors that challenge. Clonidine was generally well tolerated and appears to be an effective treatment option for children with ID. This will inform the clinical practice of both pediatricians and psychiatrists who support and treat children with ID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10445463251366159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1759524578000},"page":"479-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clonidine in 50 Children with Intellectual Disability: A Naturalistic Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SET CAMHS LD team, NELFT, Chelmsford, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raka","family":"Maitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAMHS, CNWL, London, UK."},{"name":"Imperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Botros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LDND team, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Greenwich, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoba","family":"Puttaswamaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LDND team, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Greenwich, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National &amp; Specialist CAMHS, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK."},{"name":"Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, London, UK."},{"name":"University of Birmingham, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02578400"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Clonidine as a Treatment of Behavioural Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"29","author":"Banas K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banas K, , Sawchuk B. Clonidine as a Treatment of Behavioural Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2020; 29(2):110\u2013120.","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.108.005587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199912000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199103000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/AMHID-12-2018-0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11590450-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","unstructured":"NICE guideline NG87 2018. 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