{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T19:05:08Z","timestamp":1789326308402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association of tic disorders and physical health has not been comprehensively described. This systematic review summarized the associations between indicators of physical health (e.g., health-related quality of life [HR-QoL]), health conditions, and health behaviors with Tourette syndrome (TS) and persistent tic disorders (PTD) in individuals across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used multiple databases to search the literature through March 5, 2025, and identified 84 studies published in English in 2003 or later that reported health-related outcomes among individuals with TS\/PTD and a comparison group without TS\/PTD. In describing differences between groups, we considered statistical significance and the magnitude of the difference, particularly when statistical comparisons were not reported. Risk of bias was conducted using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several indicators of poor health and several health conditions were more prevalent among individuals with TS\/PTD, compared with those without, including some measures of lower HR-QoL, overall poor health\/disability, mortality, injuries, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, orthopedic conditions, neurological disorders, sleep disorders, endocrine conditions, immune-related disorders including asthma and allergy, and hearing and\/or vision problems. Findings across studies were inconsistent for gastrointestinal and circulatory system conditions, and infection and fever. Findings did not differ by TS\/PTD status for body mass index and health behaviors. Strengths and limitations of this body of literature are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from this review can be used to inform health care provider education activities and future research to improve the health and well-being of individuals with TS\/PTD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10445463261484867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:13:46Z","timestamp":1789193626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Literature Review on Public Health Impacts of Tourette Syndrome and Persistent Tic Disorders: General Health, Health Conditions, and Health Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3799-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Research Participation Programs, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca T.","family":"Leeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena J.","family":"Hutchins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke S.","family":"Staley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika H.","family":"Claussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Newsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara R.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1370-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca H.","family":"Bitsko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Amorelli G","year":"2026","unstructured":"Amorelli G, , Martino D. 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