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New data concerning refractory pain will be used to underscore the importance of central processing of pain, with particular emphasis on neuropsychological and cognitive function and capacity that may play important roles in pain processing and maintenance of the pain state. Further, neurophysiological data showing that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and other structures in the brain may play key roles in modulation of chronic pain will also be discussed. Although peripheral triggering events surely play an important role in initiating pain, the development of chronic and, in particular, refractory pain may depend on changes or malfunctions in the central nervous system. These changes may be quite subtle and require sophisticated approaches, such as functional MRI, to study them, as is now being done. New findings obtained therefore may lead to more rational and reliable treatment for orofacial pain. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120060101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]],"date-time":"2009-01-09T00:40:32Z","timestamp":1231461632000},"page":"455-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sensory and Affective Components of Orofacial Pain: Is it all in your Brain?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"H.C.","family":"Tenenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, MRC Group in Periodontal Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G IG6, Canada,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G IG6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.B.","family":"Goklberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G IG6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.L.","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Locker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G IG6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Surgery, FAculty of Medecine, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T-2S8"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.2.221"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(92)90201-S"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albe-Fessard D., Berkley KJ, Kruger L., Ralston H. 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