{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:12:48Z","timestamp":1744283568952},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]],"date-time":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":733622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Saliva contains essentially no IgA at birth. However, secretory immune responses to oral and non-oral microbial antigens emerge early in life. We have investigated the characteristics of these responses in salivas of infants less than 1 month through 4 years of age, using cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Antibody specificities (IgA, IgAl, and IgA2) were measured in ELISA and Western blot analysis to antigens of Streptococcus mitis and S. salivarius that colonize during the neonatal period. Antibodies reactive with S. sanguis and mutans streptococci, which colonize later in the infant's life, were also determined. Concurrent investigation of the oral flora of each infant was performed and related to the observed antibody specificities. The secretory nature of the immunoglobulins in these salivas was analyzed immunologically and chromatographically. The primary molecular form of salivary IgA was dimeric in all salivas tested. Both IgA subclasses were found, although a subset of infant salivas initially contained &gt;90% IgAl. IgM (&gt;1 \u03bcg\/ml) was detected in 58% of 3- to 17-week-old infants. By 2 months of age, salivas from most infants contained IgA antibody reactive with at least two S. mitis components. Many salivas also contained antibody reactive with S. salivarius components. By the end of the first year, most salivas contained IgAl and IgA2 antibody to S. mitis antigens. Maturation of secretory responses in the second and third year was evidenced by the appearance of increased concentrations and additional specificities of salivary IgA antibodies to S. mitis antigens. Antibody to S. mitis, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis extracellular components was detected only after infection with the respective species. However, salivary IgA antibody to mutans streptococci occasionally was detected before colonization was demonstrated. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411930040031101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:46:03Z","timestamp":1483663563000},"page":"335-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Emergence of Immune Competence in Saliva"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Taubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bammann, L.L. and R.J. Gibbons: Immunoglobulin A Antibodies Reactive with Streptococcus mutans in Saliva of Adults, Children and Predentate Infants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 10:38-43 (1978).","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.4.538-543.1979"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(85)90014-7"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Brandtzaeg, P.: Salivary Immunoglobulins. In: Human Saliva: Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Vol. II. pp. 1-54. (J. O. Tenovua, Ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1989)."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198010000-00004"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(87)90009-4"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260166"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conley, M.E., J.R. Kearney, A.R.Lawton, III and M.D. Cooper: Differentiation of Human B Cells Expressing the IgA Subclasses as Demonstrated by Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies. J. 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Hensley: IgD in Infant Saliva. Scand. J. Immunol. 26:55-57 (1987).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02234.x"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Gleeson, J., A.W. Cripps, R.L. Clancy, M.J. Hensley, A.J. Dobson, and D.W. Firman: Breast Feeding Conditions a Differential Developmental Pattern of Mucosal Immunity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 66:216-222 (1986)."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleeson, M., A.W. Cripps, R.L. Clancy, J.H. Wlodarczyk, A.J. Dobson, and M.J. Hensley: The Development of IgA-Specific Antibodies to Escherichia coli 0 Antigen in Children. Scand. J. Immunol. 26:639-643 (1987).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02299.x"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Hanson, L.A., B. Carlsson, U. Dahlgren, F. Jalil, L. Mellander, A. Wold, and S. Zaman: Vaccination and the Ontogeny of the Secretory IgA Response. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 216B:1353-1358 (1987 )."},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Haworth, J.C. and L. 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Asano, and T. Takahashi: Distribution of IgG Subclasses in Human Fetus. In: Advances in Mucosal Immunology, pp. 459-460. (T. T. MacDonald, S. J. Challacombe, P. W. Bland, C. R. Stokes, R. V. Heatley, and A. MclMowat, Eds.) Kluwer Academic, Dordrect, The Netherlands (1990).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1848-1_131"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Ogra, P.L. and D.T. Karzon: Formation and Function of Poliovirus Antibody in Different Tissues. Prog. Med. Virol. 13:156-193 (1971)."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(68)80014-9"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915363"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Smith, D.J., W.F. King, and M.A. Taubman: Isotype, Subclass and Molecular Size of Immunoglobulins in Salivas from Young Infants. Clin. Exp. 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