{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:00:38Z","timestamp":1759564838214},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]],"date-time":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":733622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is generally transmitted by parenteral contact with infected body secretions. Although extensive epidemiological data and familial studies have failed to provide any conclusive data that saliva may act as a vehicle for transmission of AIDS, both professional and public anxieties remain. The present study, as well as others, suggests that salivary secretions may act as inhibitors of HTV-1 replication in vitro. In our study, the inhibitory activity was determined to be associated mainly with secretions obtained from the human submandibular-sublingual glands. Human submandibular-sublingual (HSMSL) and parotid (HPS) salivas were collected and tested for their ability to modulate the replication of HIV-1, using a plaque assay on HeLa\/CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell monolayers. Initial results examining freshly collected salivary samples from ten individuals confirmed the results previously obtained by Fox et al. (1988, 1989). An average plaque reduction of~66% was obtained with HSMSL, in contrast to 34% reduction obtained with HPS. Titration of the inhibitory activity in HSMSL showed detectable levels at a 1:500 dilution. Comparison of inhibitory activity of dialyzed and lyophilized saliva to fresh saliva indicated little difference between the two samples when filtration occurred after the addition of HIV-1. However, the effect of filtration was significantly diminished in the lyophilized samples. Electron microscopic examination of the saliva-HIV incubates revealed the aggregation\/entrapment of virus particles by salivary components. These results suggest that human salivary secretions (with HSMSL &gt; HPS) may have a role in modulating the infectivity of HIV-1. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411930040033001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:46:03Z","timestamp":1483663563000},"page":"467-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Aggregation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Human Salivary Secretions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Earl J.","family":"Bergey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moon-Il","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Hammarskj\u00f6ld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rekosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon G.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1990.6.1425"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.6.1082"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Block, P. and S. Brotman: A Method of Submaxillary Saliva Collection without Cannulization. N. Y. State Dent. J. 28:116-118 (1962)."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.62.10.3779-3788.1988"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1991.7.3"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Curby, W.A.: Device for Collection of Parotid Saliva. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 41:493-496 (1953)."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(63)90079-7"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, L.G., L.R. Sharer, E.S. Cho, M.F. Meyenhofer, E.A. Navia, and R.W. Price: HTLV III\/LAV-Like Retrovirus Particles in Brains of Patients with AIDS Encephalopathy. AIDS Res. 1:447-454 (1985).","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1.1983.1.447"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1988.0002"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1989.0165"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedland, G.H., B.R. Saltzman, M.F. Rogers, P.A. Kahl, M.L. Lesser, M.M. Mayers, and R.S. Klein: Lack of Transmission of HTLV-III\/Lav to Household Contacts of Patients with AIDS and AIDS-Related Complex with Oral Candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:344-349 (1985).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198602063140604"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fultz, P.N.: Components of Saliva Inactivate Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Lancet 2:1215 (1986).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92218-X"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093247"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, D.D., B.S. Byington, R.T. Schovley, T. Flynn, T.R. Rota, and M.S. Hirsch: Infrequency of Isolation of HTLV-III Virus from Saliva in AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 313:1606-1609 (1985 ).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198512193132511"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801143180205"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.19.1.107-115.1978"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Levine, M.J., L.A. Tabak, M.S. Reddy, and I.D. Mandel: Nature of Salivary Pellicles in Microbial Adherence: Role of Salivary Mucins. In: Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion, pp. 125-130. ( S. E. Mergenhagen and B. Rosan, Eds.) Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, DC (1985)."},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Makinen, K.K.: Salivary Enzymes. In: Human Saliva: Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Vol. 1, pp. 93-119. (J. O. Tenovuo, Ed.) 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