{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:46:50Z","timestamp":1792802810343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over 16.7 million workers in Thailand (42 percent of the working population) are engaged in agriculture, disproportionately from the lower socioeconomic strata of Thai society. Most agricultural workers (over 93 percent) work in the informal sector without the protections of regulations or enforcement of labor or health and safety laws or enrollment in a social security system. Although Thailand\u2019s use of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides is growing, there is little regulation of the sale, use, or application of these potentially toxic chemicals. This paper summarizes the research to date on occupational health and safety for Thai agricultural workers, identifies gaps in pesticide regulations and the current systems for occupational health and safety and social support for Thai agricultural workers, and makes recommendations for future policy and research initiatives to fill the identified gaps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291115569028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T21:32:28Z","timestamp":1426541548000},"page":"102-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Occupational Health and Safety for Agricultural Workers in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Orawan","family":"Kaewboonchoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Kongtip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Work Environment, College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291115569028","unstructured":"International Labour Office (ILO). Safety and halth in agriculture programme on safety, health, and the environment, www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/\u2014ed_protect\/\u2014protrav\/\u2014safework\/documents\/publication\/wcms_110193.pdf (2012, accessed 12 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr2-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Thailand National Statistical Office. Health status of Thai labor, http:\/\/service.nso.go.th\/nso\/nsopublish\/pubs\/pubsfiles\/LaborHealty.pdf (2012, accessed 12 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr3-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Thailand National Statistical Office. Informal employed persons survey, http:\/\/web.nso.go.th\/en\/survey\/lfs\/imp\/imp09.htm (2012, accessed 14 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr4-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Department of Labour Protection and Welfare Occupational Safety and Health Bureau, Ministry of Labour. National profile on occupational safety and health of Thailand, www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/\u2014asia\/\u2014ro-bangkok\/\u2014sro-bangkok\/documents\/policy\/wcms_192111. pdf (2012, accessed 7 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr5-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.43.669"},{"key":"bibr6-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Thai Health Promotion Foundation. Development plan for improving quality of life of informal workers, http:\/\/v-reform.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2012\/07\/.pdf (2012, accessed 11 January 2014)."},{"key":"bibr7-1048291115569028","first-page":"867","volume":"6","author":"Yenjai P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Biomed"},{"key":"bibr8-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1307"},{"key":"bibr9-1048291115569028","first-page":"865","volume":"93","author":"Swaddiwudhipong W","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thailand"},{"key":"bibr10-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Ministry of Agricultural and Cooperatives Office of Agricultural Economics. Summary of imported pesticides [in Thai], www.oae.go.th\/ewt_news.php?nid=146&filename=index (2014, accessed 14 September 2014)."},{"key":"bibr11-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.08.044"},{"key":"bibr12-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.Q9003"},{"key":"bibr13-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Prasertsung N. Situation of pesticides used in rice fields in Suphanburi Province. In:\n                      Proceedings of the conference on chemical pesticides\n                      , www.thaipan.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference2555\/conference2555_1_10.pdf (2012, accessed 29 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr14-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.060897"},{"key":"bibr15-1048291115569028","first-page":"286","volume":"94","author":"Kongtip P","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thailand"},{"key":"bibr16-1048291115569028","first-page":"S82","volume":"96","author":"Kongtip P","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thailand"},{"key":"bibr17-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-009-9315-x"},{"key":"bibr18-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/452373"},{"key":"bibr19-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.13-0040-OA"},{"key":"bibr20-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.07.002"},{"key":"bibr21-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2006.12.2.134"},{"key":"bibr22-1048291115569028","first-page":"79","volume":"27","author":"Norkaew S","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr23-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701382789"},{"key":"bibr24-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Itsaraphan P. Health risks of agriculturists and the general population from pesticide toxicity. In:\n                      Proceedings of the conference on chemical pesticides\n                      , 15\u201316 November, 2012, www.thaipan.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference2555\/conference2555_1_02.pdf (2012, accessed 23 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr25-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Roberts JR and Reigart JR.\n                      Recognition and management of pesticide poisoning\n                      . 6th ed. www2.epa.gov\/pesticide-worker-safety\/recognition-and-management-pesticide-poisonings (2013, accessed 29 June 2014). Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC."},{"key":"bibr26-1048291115569028","first-page":"13","volume":"24","author":"Phataraphon M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr27-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0422-9"},{"key":"bibr28-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334440"},{"key":"bibr29-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511403605"},{"key":"bibr30-1048291115569028","first-page":"13","volume":"24","author":"Markmee P","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr31-1048291115569028","first-page":"93","volume":"24","author":"Norkaew S","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr32-1048291115569028","first-page":"193","volume":"26","author":"Taneepanichskul N","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr33-1048291115569028","first-page":"401","volume":"40","author":"Plianbangchang P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr34-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Kawakami T, Khai T and Kogi K. Developing the wind training programme in Asia: participatory approaches to improving safety, health and working conditions of farmers. International Labor Organization, ILO Subregional Office for East Asia-Bangkok, www.ilo.org\/asia\/whatwedo\/publications\/WCMS_120488\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm (2009, accessed 23 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr35-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2012.3.3.155"},{"key":"bibr36-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.44.98"},{"key":"bibr37-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S30749"},{"key":"bibr38-1048291115569028","first-page":"258","volume":"36","author":"Janhong K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr39-1048291115569028","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (ILO). Safety and health in agriculture: code of practice, www.ilo.org\/global\/publications\/books\/WCMS_159457\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm (2011, accessed 23 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr40-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Ministry of Labor. Notification entitled guidance on occupational safety, health and environment for informal workers, www.oshthai.org\/upload\/file_linkitem\/20130808081348_2.pdf (2013, accessed 24 July 2014)."},{"key":"bibr41-1048291115569028","author":"Kongtip P","journal-title":"New Solut: J Environ Occup Health Policy"},{"key":"bibr42-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Government of Thailand. Hazardous Substance Control Act (HCSA) B.E. 2535.\n                      The Royal Gazette\n                      103(39) (1992)."},{"key":"bibr43-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Government of Thailand. Hazardous Substance Control Act (HCSA) B.E. 2544.\n                      The Royal Gazette\n                      18(206) (2001)."},{"key":"bibr44-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Government of Thailand. Hazardous Substance Control Act (HCSA) B.E. 2551.\n                      The Royal Gazette\n                      125(38) (2008)."},{"key":"bibr45-1048291115569028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2011.12.005"},{"key":"bibr46-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Thailand Social Security Office. Benefits of insured under Social Security Act Section 40, B.E. 2556, www.sso.go.th\/wpr\/category.jsp?lang=en&cat=876 (2013, accessed 26 September 2014)."},{"key":"bibr47-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Institute of Population and Social Research. Assessment system, universal coverage in the first decade, 2012, B.E. 2555, www.hisro.or.th\/main\/download\/10UCS_Thai. pdf (2001\u20132010, accessed 13 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr48-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Government of Thailand. National Health Security Act B.E. 2545, www.nhso.go.th\/eng\/Files\/Userfiles\/file\/Thailand_NHS_Act.pdf (accessed 18 July 2014)."},{"key":"bibr49-1048291115569028","first-page":"1262","volume":"42","author":"Kaewboonchoo O","year":"2011","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr50-1048291115569028","first-page":"36","volume":"20","author":"Tovivich S","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Governmental Pharm Organ"},{"key":"bibr51-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Munsak N. Pesticides used in Nongtangoo, Nongkrod and Bunpotpisai District, Nakornsawan Province. In:\n                      Proceedings of the conference on chemical pesticides\n                      , www.thaipan.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference2555\/conference2555_0_09.pdf (2012, accessed 30 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr52-1048291115569028","unstructured":"Yongant S. Usage and impact of pesticides in Nasamile District, Yasothon Province. In:\n                      Proceedings of the conference on chemical pesticides\n                      , www.thaipan.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference2555\/conference2555_1_09.pdf (2012, accessed 30 June 2014)."}],"container-title":["NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291115569028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1048291115569028","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291115569028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:27:56Z","timestamp":1777681676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1048291115569028"}},"subtitle":["Gaps and Recommendations, with a Focus on Pesticide Use"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1048291115569028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1048291115569028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1048-2911","1541-3772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1048-2911","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]}}}