{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:24:58Z","timestamp":1790871898049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The housing available to most farmworkers is substandard and unacceptable in 21st-century America. The federal government established minimal occupational safety and health standards applicable to migrant farmworker labor camps decades ago, and some states have statutory schemes and regulations that set standards for farm labor camps and employee housing. Many of these federal and state regulations no longer reflect current employment and housing trends, and enforcement success varies greatly. These regulations implicitly recognize the connection between housing conditions and health, but do not effectively address that connection. This review describes the current state of farmworker housing, discusses laws and regulations pertaining to such housing, and highlights the literature on health risks associated with inadequate housing. We propose specific recommendations to strengthen enforcement and reduce the risks of substandard housing for the health of farmworkers and their families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291115604390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T22:23:29Z","timestamp":1442442209000},"page":"334-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Federal Farmworker Housing Standards and Regulations, Their Promise and Limitations, and Implications for Farmworker Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ann Moss","family":"Joyner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities, Mebane, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Housing Assistance Council, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Lee","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmworker Unit of Legal Aid of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilene J.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc., Marysville, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ED","family":"Kissam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Werner Kohnstamm Family Fund, Oakland, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Latin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Aid Services of Oregon, Pendleton Regional Office, , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Parnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities, Mebane, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmworker Justice, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nargess","family":"Shadbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Law Center, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Tobacman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Villarejo D, et\u00a0al.\n                      (Un)Safe at home: the health consequences of sub-standard farm labor housing\n                      . San Francisco, CA: California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. http:\/\/www.crla.org\/unsafe-home-health-consequences-sub-standard-farm-labor-housing (2009, accessed February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr2-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Special responsibilities of the employment service system, Subpart E \u2013 housing for agricultural workers, 20 CFR \u00a7654.400\n                      et seq\n                      ., 1980."},{"key":"bibr3-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Standards \u2013 temporary labor camps, 29 CFR \u00a71910.142, 1974."},{"key":"bibr4-1048291115604390","unstructured":"National Research Council and Institute of Medicine.\n                      Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program at NIOSH\n                      . (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008), 188."},{"key":"bibr5-1048291115604390","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control.\n                      A. Healthy homes initiative\n                      , http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyplaces\/healthyhomes.htm (2008, accessed 15 August 2008)."},{"key":"bibr6-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morley R, Mickalide AD and Mack KA.\n                      Healthy and safe homes: research, practice and policy\n                      . American Public Health Association, National Center for Healthy Housing, 2011, pp.iii\u2013xiii+213.","DOI":"10.2105\/9780875531977"},{"key":"bibr7-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Riis JA.\n                      How the other half lives: studies among the tenements of New York\n                      . New York, NY: Penguin, 1997."},{"key":"bibr8-1048291115604390","unstructured":"United Nations. World Health Organization. Health principles of housing, Geneva, Switzerland and Albany, NY: WHO Publications Center USA, 1989, pp. 44."},{"key":"bibr9-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, 29 U.S.C. \u00a71801\n                      et seq\n                      ., 1983."},{"key":"bibr10-1048291115604390","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Housing Service, 7 CFR Part 3560\n                      et seq\n                      ., 2004."},{"key":"bibr11-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Temporary employment of foreign workers in the United States, contents of job offers, 20 CFR \u00a7655\n                      et seq\n                      ., 2012."},{"key":"bibr12-1048291115604390","volume-title":"Community participation methods in design and planning","author":"Sanoff H","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr13-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Minimum requirements for sanitation in temporary labor camps, ANSI Z4.4\u20131968."},{"key":"bibr14-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109533"},{"key":"bibr15-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.951031126"},{"key":"bibr16-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4076"},{"key":"bibr17-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9020958"},{"key":"bibr18-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-19"},{"key":"bibr19-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/NS.22.2.d"},{"key":"bibr20-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8182"},{"key":"bibr21-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10168"},{"key":"bibr22-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.8.3.274"},{"key":"bibr23-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.5.758"},{"key":"bibr24-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2009.30.3257"},{"key":"bibr25-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301135"},{"key":"bibr26-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22232"},{"key":"bibr27-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673030050009258"},{"key":"bibr28-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120500105950"},{"key":"bibr29-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Gabe J and Williams P. Women, crowding and mental health. In: Burridge R and Ormandy D (eds)\n                      Unhealthy housing: research, remedies and reform\n                      . London: Spon, 1993, pp.191\u2013208."},{"key":"bibr30-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejos QM, Quandt SA and Arcury TA.\n                      The condition of farmworker housing in the eastern United States. Latino farmworkers in the eastern United States\n                      . New York, NY: Springer, 2009, pp.37\u201367.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-88347-2_3"},{"key":"bibr31-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.6.762"},{"key":"bibr32-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300738"},{"key":"bibr33-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoetez PJ. Neglected infections of poverty in the United States of America.\n                      PLoS Negl Trop Dis\n                      . 2008; 2(6): e256.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000256"},{"key":"bibr34-1048291115604390","unstructured":"U.S. EPA. Nitrates and nitrites: TEACH chemical summary. Toxicity and exposure assessment for children's health, http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/teach\/chem_summ\/Nitrates_summary.pdf (2007, accessed 25 August 2015)."},{"key":"bibr35-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2013.05.008"},{"key":"bibr36-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Ohio Department of Health. Household Sewage Treatment Failures. https:\/\/www.odh.ohio.gov\/~\/media\/ODH\/ASSETS\/Files\/eh\/STS\/2012HSTSSystemsandFailures.pdf (2013, accessed September 2015)."},{"key":"bibr37-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Occupational safety and health standards-sanitation, 29 CFR \u00a71910.141(c), 1974."},{"key":"bibr38-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102095"},{"key":"bibr39-1048291115604390","unstructured":"California EPA.\n                      Washing pesticide work clothing. Pesticide safety information\n                      . California Department of Pesticide Regulation. A No. 7, HS-1228. Sacramento, CA: California EPA, 2007."},{"key":"bibr40-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300831"},{"key":"bibr41-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-006-9026-6"},{"key":"bibr42-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007001600024"},{"key":"bibr43-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Housing Assistance Council.\n                      No refuge from the fields: findings from a survey of farmworker housing conditions in the United States\n                      . Washington, DC: Housing Assistance Council, 2001."},{"key":"bibr44-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2008.00134.x"},{"key":"bibr45-1048291115604390","unstructured":"Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid, et\u00a0al.\n                      Illegally Denied: Migrant Farmworkers Fight for Access to Justice and Health Care in the United States\n                      . Shadow Report to the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. US Human Rights Network. http:\/\/www.ushrnetwork.org\/sites\/ushrnetwork.org\/files\/14-06-30_migrant_camp_access_cerd_shadow_report_final.pdf (2014, accessed September, 2015)."},{"key":"bibr46-1048291115604390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.01.014"},{"key":"bibr47-1048291115604390","unstructured":"The Committee Concerning Community Improvement, et\u00a0al. v. 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