{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:37:44Z","timestamp":1789987064216,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tanzania informal sector is growing fast, with precarious working conditions and particular hazards for women and children in agriculture. Hazardous agricultural chemicals including pesticides are mostly imported and have been used for many years. Despite the role played by pesticides in food security and vector control, these chemicals are responsible for acute and chronic illnesses among communities. The availability of obsolete persistent organic pesticides on the open market indicates existence of an inadequate regulatory system. People who get injured or ill in the agriculture sector in Tanzania receive health services in primary health care facilities where professionals have little or no knowledge of pesticides. We are presenting the pesticide health and safety challenges faced by small-scale farmers who fall in the informal sector. Achievements that have been made by the government and other players to reduce and prevent pesticide exposures and poisoning are also outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291116650262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T03:16:38Z","timestamp":1468293398000},"page":"220-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Pesticide Health and Safety Challenges Facing Informal Sector Workers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aiwerasia","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Mrema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kishinhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291116650262","unstructured":"The United Republic of Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance. 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Community-based monitoring: Ngarenanyuki, Tanzania.\n                      Encycl Environ Manag\n                      (ed Sven E. Jorgensen) 2013; 1: 505\u2013511."},{"key":"bibr17-1048291116650262","unstructured":"East Africa Community.\n                      Control of Pesticides Act. 1969\n                      . Arusha: East African Pesticides Control Organization, 1970."},{"key":"bibr18-1048291116650262","unstructured":"United Republic of Tanzania. Tropical Pesticide Research Institute Act No 18. Government Gazette, http:\/\/www.agriculture.go.tz\/legislation%20and%20regulations\/legislations\/The%20Tropical%20Pesticides%20Research%20Institute%20Act,%201979.pdf (1979, accessed 1 December 2015)."},{"key":"bibr19-1048291116650262","unstructured":"United Republic of Tanzania. The Plant Protection Act. Government gazette, http:\/\/www.agriculture.go.tz\/legislation%20and%20regulations\/legislations\/Plant%20Protection%20Act,%201997.pdf (1997, accessed 1 December 2015)."},{"key":"bibr20-1048291116650262","first-page":"76","volume":"10","author":"Mununa FT","year":"2000","journal-title":"Afr Newsl Occup Health Safety"},{"key":"bibr21-1048291116650262","volume-title":"The pesticide detox: towards a more sustainable agriculture","author":"Pretty JN","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr22-1048291116650262","unstructured":"Elgstrand K and Petersson NF.\n                      OSH for development\n                      . Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute Technology, 2009."},{"key":"bibr23-1048291116650262","unstructured":"Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific. Communities in peril: global report on health impacts of pesticide use in agriculture, http:\/\/www.panna.org\/sites\/default\/files\/PAN-Global-Report_0.pdf (2010, accessed 10 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr24-1048291116650262","unstructured":"Pesticide Action Network UK. Tanzania tackles unlawful pesticide sales, http:\/\/www.pan-uk.org\/pestnews\/Issue\/pn69\/pn69p15.htm (2006, accessed 10 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr25-1048291116650262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-389"},{"key":"bibr26-1048291116650262","first-page":"21","volume":"10","author":"Kaoneka BK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Afr Newsl Occup Health Safety"},{"key":"bibr27-1048291116650262","first-page":"139","volume":"16","author":"Ngowi AVF","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol"},{"key":"bibr28-1048291116650262","first-page":"80","volume":"2","author":"Ngowi AVF","year":"1992","journal-title":"Afr Newsl Occup Health Safety"},{"key":"bibr29-1048291116650262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00339-1"},{"key":"bibr30-1048291116650262","first-page":"23","volume":"14","author":"Sekiyama M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci"},{"key":"bibr31-1048291116650262","first-page":"63","volume":"13","author":"Ngowi AVF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr Newsl Occup Health Safety"},{"key":"bibr32-1048291116650262","first-page":"139","volume":"43","author":"Jeyaratnam J","year":"1990","journal-title":"World Health Stat Quart"},{"key":"bibr33-1048291116650262","first-page":"427","volume":"82","author":"Ejigu D","year":"2005","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr34-1048291116650262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq009"},{"key":"bibr35-1048291116650262","first-page":"92","volume":"15","author":"Olowogbon TS","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sustain Dev Afr"},{"key":"bibr36-1048291116650262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v81i4.9157"},{"key":"bibr37-1048291116650262","volume-title":"Findings and outputs of the WAHSA programme, 2004\u20132008","author":"Work and Health in Southern Africa (WAHSA)","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr38-1048291116650262","unstructured":"Staff Writer. 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