{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:21:06Z","timestamp":1787239266347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cambodia has developed booming textile, garment, tourism, and entertainment service industries since the mid-1990s. The 2007 global financial crisis pushed many garment workers, who lost their jobs, into the entertainment sector. Entertainment workers are typically engaged informally by their employers and are subjected to long working hours, sexual harassment, and violence. Many who sell beverages are forced into excessive alcohol consumption as part of their work. Many are also expected by their employers and clients to provide sexual services. To address unsafe and unhealthy working conditions for these workers, an innovative occupational safety and health regulation was adopted in 2014. This first-of-its-kind occupational safety and health regulation was developed jointly by the Cambodian Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training and employers\u2019 and workers\u2019 organizations in the entertainment sector. The implementation of this regulation can also be a viable contribution of occupational safety and health to HIV interventions for these workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291116652688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T21:10:12Z","timestamp":1464642612000},"page":"301-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Promoting Occupational Safety and Health for Cambodian Entertainment Sector Workers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lee-Nah","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Labour Organization, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Torriente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuong","family":"Por","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Labour Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291116652688","unstructured":"World Bank.\n                      Cambodia country at a glance fact sheet\n                      . Washington, DC: World Bank, http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/cambodia (2014, 15 April 2015)."},{"key":"bibr2-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Asuyama Y and Neou S. How has the Cambodian garment industry evolved? In: Fukunishi T (ed)\n                      Dynamics of the garment industry in low-income countries: experience of Asia and Africa\n                      . Chapter 3. Chouskenkyu Houkokusho, Japan: Institute of Development Economics, Japan External Trade Organization, http:\/\/www.ide.go.jp\/English\/Publish\/Download\/Report\/2011\/pdf\/410_ch3.pdf (2012, accessed 18 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr3-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Ministry of Labour Vocational Training.\n                      Praka 194: Article 2; Definition of key terms: Article 3; Law implementation obligations\n                      . Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training. 2\u20133 August 2014."},{"key":"bibr4-1048291116652688","unstructured":"HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia Pacific. Evidence to action, data sheet, HIV prevalence and epidemiology, Cambodia. UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, Asian Development Bank, http:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org (2010, accessed 22 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr5-1048291116652688","unstructured":"The United States President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Cambodia operational plan report, fiscal year 2012, http:\/\/www.pepfar.gov\/documents\/organization\/212133.pdf (2013, accessed 18 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr6-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Zeldin W. Cambodia: new regulations to protect workers. Global Legal Monitor, Library of Congress. http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/law\/foreign-news\/article\/cambodia-new-regulation-to-protect-workers\/ (2014, accessed 15 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr7-1048291116652688","unstructured":"The law on suppression of human trafficking and sexual exploitation. Royal Kram, Kingdom of Cambodia: NS\/RKM\/0208\/005. 20 December 2007."},{"key":"bibr8-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Chhorvann C.\n                      Cambodia behavioral sentinel surveillance report: female entertainment workers, moto-taxi drivers, people living with HIV and AIDS\n                      . Phnom Penh: Ministry of Health, National Centre for HIV\/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs, http:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/Cambodia_BSS_2010_Report.pdf (2011, accessed 20 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr9-1048291116652688","unstructured":"ILO Cambodia.\n                      Women and work in the garment industry\n                      . Phnom Penh: Better Factories Cambodia, http:\/\/www-wds.worldbank.org\/external\/default\/WDSContentServer\/WDSP\/IB\/2007\/06\/15\/000020953_20070615111341\/Rendered\/PDF\/400420KH0Women1the0factory01PUBLIC1.pdf (2006, accessed 15 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr10-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Jalilian H, Sophal C, Reyes G, et\u00a0al. Global financial crisis discussion series, Paper 4: Cambodia, p. 9. London: Overseas Development Institute. www.odi.org\/resources\/docs\/4323.pdf (2009, accessed 16 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr11-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Chandararot K, Sina S and Dannet L. Rapid assessment on the impact of the financial crisis in Cambodia. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series. Bangkok: ILO Sub-regional Office for East Asia. http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/\u2014asia\/\u2014ro-bangkok\/documents\/meetingdocument\/wcms_101593.pdf (2009, accessed 16 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr12-1048291116652688","unstructured":"ILO. Cambodia\u2014addressing HIV vulnerability of indirect sex workers during the financial crisis: situation analysis, strategies and entry points for HIV\/AIDS work place education. Bangkok: Union Aid Abroad\u2014APHEDA for ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Decent Work Team for East and South-East Asia and the Pacific, p. 4, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/\u2014asia\/\u2014ro-bangkok\/documents\/genericdocument\/wcms_165487.pdf (2011, accessed 10 April 2015)."},{"key":"bibr13-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Leng HB. Mapping the pattern of sex workers, entertainment establishments and men who have sex with men in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Khmer HIV\/AIDS NGO Alliance\u2014KHANA, United States Agency for International Development, European Union, http:\/\/www.khana.org.kh\/publicationimages\/publican_pdf\/RE010.pdf (2008, accessed 15 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr14-1048291116652688","unstructured":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs. Data on entertainment establishments in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: National Centre for HIV\/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs, 2009."},{"key":"bibr15-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Ministry of Education Youth and Sports. Examining life experiences and HIV risks of young entertainment workers in four Cambodian cities. Phnom Penh: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/Cambodia\/young-entertainment-workers-report-Eng-final.pdf (2012, accessed 21 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr16-1048291116652688","unstructured":"CARE. Report on the situation of beer promotion women in the workplace, Cambodia: results of a harassment and abuse survey. Phnom Penh: CARE, http:\/\/fr.slideshare.net\/chanphearun\/a-report-on-the-situation-of-beer-promotion-women-in-the-workplace-cambodia-english (2005, accessed 17 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr17-1048291116652688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page K, Stein E, Sansothy N, et\u00a0al. Sex work and HIV in Cambodia: trajectories of risk and disease in two cohorts of high-risk young women in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.\n                      BMJ\n                      10: 3, http:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/3\/9\/e003095.full (2013, accessed 20 May 2016).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003095"},{"key":"bibr18-1048291116652688","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0075-y"},{"key":"bibr19-1048291116652688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi S, Tuot S, Chhoun P, et\u00a0al. Factors associated with induced abortion among female entertainment workers: a cross-sectional study in Cambodia.\n                      BMJ Pub Health\n                      5, http:\/\/bmjope.bmj:com\/content\/5\/7\/e007947.full (2015, accessed 20 May 2016).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007947"},{"key":"bibr20-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Phalkun M. 2011 Cambodia STI survey of female entertainment workers, http:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Cambodia_STI_Sentinel_Survey_2011.pdf (2013, accessed 20 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr21-1048291116652688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brody C, Chhoun P, Tuot S, et\u00a0al. HIV risk and psychological distress among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study.\n                      BMC Public Health\n                      16: 133, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26861542 (2015, accessed 20 May 2016).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2814-6"},{"key":"bibr22-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training Cambodia.\n                      KRAM Labor Code: Article 137; Article 140 of Section 2: Hours of work, daily and weekly hours; Article 146 of Section 4: Weekly time off; Article 169 under Section 6: Paid annual leave, under Chapter VI General Working Conditions; Article 96 under Chapter V Collective Labor agreements\n                      . Phnom Penh: Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, 13 March 1997."},{"key":"bibr23-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Cambodian Food and Services Workers\u2019 Federation (CFSWF), http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Cambodia-Food-and-Services-Workers-Federation-166584480051579\/info?tab=page_info (n.d., accessed 17 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr24-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Cambodian Food and Services Workers\u2019 Federation. Women workers\u2019 rights, www.cfswf.org\/english\/2012\/10\/25\/women-worker-right (2012, accessed 18 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr25-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training.\n                      Article 3: Law implementation obligations; Article 4: Duties, rights and benefits; Article 5: Working hours and overtime; Article 6: No provision of pay for non-performance period and discipline; Article 7: Forced labor; Article 8: Violence and indecent assault\n                      . KRAM No. 194: Ministerial Regulation on Working Conditions, Occupational Safety and Health Rules of Entertainment Service Enterprises, Establishment and Companies, 20 August 2014."},{"key":"bibr26-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Yi Y (ed). Xinhua, Cambodia unveils regulation to protect entertainment workers. Roundup; Xinhua, http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/world:2014-10\/08\/c_133699392.htm (2014, accessed 5 April 2015)."},{"key":"bibr27-1048291116652688","unstructured":"Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training. Praka No. 086 concerning the creation of the HIV\/AIDS committee in enterprises and establishments and managing HIV\/AIDS in the workplace, 3 May 2006."},{"key":"bibr28-1048291116652688","unstructured":"ILO No. 29. Cambodia has ratified the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) on 24 February 1969, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/@asia\/@ro-bangkok\/documents\/genericdocument\/wcms_346435.pdf (2015, accessed 20 May 2016)."},{"key":"bibr29-1048291116652688","unstructured":"International Labour Organization. Recommendation concerning HIV and AIDS and the World of Work, No. 200, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/aids\/WCMS_142706\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm (2012, accessed 24 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr30-1048291116652688","unstructured":"ILO. Cambodia has also ratified the ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) on 23 August 1999, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/normlex\/en\/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0:NO:P12100_ILO_CODE:C111 (2015, accessed 20 May 2016)."},{"key":"bibr31-1048291116652688","unstructured":"ILO Press release. ILO welcomes groundbreaking Cambodian regulation on working conditions for adult entertainment workers. Phnom Penh: ILO, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/asia\/info\/public\/pr\/WCMS_312073\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm (2014, accessed 12 March 2015)."}],"container-title":["NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291116652688","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1048291116652688","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291116652688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:28:27Z","timestamp":1777681707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1048291116652688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1048291116652688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1048291116652688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1048-2911","1541-3772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1048-2911","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]}}}