{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1777930925955,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Criminal prosecutions of individuals in the asbestos industry are reviewed, particularly the case of asbestos owner-executive Stephan Schmidheiny. Italian courts sentenced Schmidheiny to sixteen to eighteen years in jail for creating an environmental disaster causing three thousand deaths. The convictions were overturned on a technicality, and a murder case against Schmidheiny has started. His firm, Eternit, made asbestos-cement building products in many countries. Schmidheiny directed a cover-up that the Italian Court of Appeal blamed for delaying the ban of asbestos in Italy by ten years. Today, the asbestos industry is a criminal industry, profiting only by minimizing its costs for the prevention and compensation of occupational and environmental illness. The asbestos industry should only be consulted by governments for the purpose of closing it and dealing with the legacy of in-place asbestos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291116678435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T21:50:13Z","timestamp":1479765013000},"page":"557-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Criminality and Asbestos in Industry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Barry","family":"Castleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Garrett Park, Environmental Consultant, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291116678435","volume-title":"Report on the effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry","author":"Merewether ERA","year":"1930"},{"key":"bibr2-1048291116678435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-3879(33)80023-7"},{"key":"bibr3-1048291116678435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1120398"},{"key":"bibr4-1048291116678435","unstructured":"Fourth Schedule of Extension of Compensation for Industrial Accidents and Diseases.\n                      Reichsgesetzblatt\n                      . 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Collapse of landmark asbestos trial exposes Italy\u2019s messy justice.\n                      Deutsche Presse Agentur\n                      , 20 November 2014, http:\/\/www.dpa-international.com\/news\/international\/collapse-of-landmark-asbestos-trial-exposes-italys-messy-justice-a-43364961-img-0.html (2014, accessed 31 October 2016)."},{"key":"bibr21-1048291116678435","unstructured":"La Stampa, La Repubblica,\n                      and\n                      Corriere della Sera\n                      , Nov. 20\u201322, 2014. And personal observations of the reaction in Casale Monferrato."},{"key":"bibr22-1048291116678435","unstructured":"Schick F. Asbestos case puts spotlight on honorary degree.\n                      Yale Daily News\n                      , 11 February 2016, http:\/\/yaledailynews.com\/blog\/2016\/02\/11\/asbestos-case-puts-spotlight-on-honorary-degree\/ (2016, accessed 31 October 2016)."},{"key":"bibr23-1048291116678435","unstructured":"Altopiedi R and Panelli S.\n                      The great trial\n                      (translated into English from Italian), asbestos disease awareness organization, http:\/\/www.asbestosdiseaseawareness.org\/archives\/38113 (2016, accessed 31 October 2016)."},{"key":"bibr24-1048291116678435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199534852.001.0001","volume-title":"Defending the indefensible\/the global asbestos industry and its fight for survival","author":"McCulloch J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr25-1048291116678435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002285"},{"key":"bibr26-1048291116678435","unstructured":"\u201cGuidelines for Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control\/on the protection of public health policies with respect to tobacco control from commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry.\u201d Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/fctc\/guidelines\/article_5_3.pdf (2008, accessed 31 October 2016)."},{"key":"bibr27-1048291116678435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virta RL. 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