{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:33:22Z","timestamp":1787168002996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Product warnings are theoretically designed to reduce injuries associated with occupational, environmental, or consumer product exposures. Unfortunately, in an effort to protect sales, some companies have produced media and information to falsely reassure their customers about the risks associated with their products. These tactics have been termed \u201canti-warnings.\u201d We reviewed corporate documents uncovered in litigation alongside other historical publications to ascertain the types of anti-warnings used by Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) regarding their asbestos products. Our review finds that UCC went to great lengths to confuse their customers and make their particular asbestos product\u2014which contained short-fiber, chrysotile asbestos\u2014look safe. We discuss three primary communications methods UCC used: industry-produced publications, sales force direct communication with customers, and public speeches. These examples provide further insight into how corporations encourage uncertainty about the risks associated with their products. Understanding anti-warning methods is critical for the implementation of future policies that protect consumer, worker, and environmental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291118794198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T23:55:27Z","timestamp":1534809327000},"page":"515-538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of Anti-Warnings to Falsely Reassure Downstream Users: An Asbestos Example"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Egilman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard University Medical School, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Bohme S, Egilman D. A brief history of warnings. In: Wogalter M (ed)\n                      The handbook of warnings\n                      . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006."},{"key":"bibr2-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Bohme S, Egilman D. Consider the source: warnings and anti-warnings in the tobacco, automobile, beryllium and pharmaceutical industries. In: Wogalter M (ed)\n                      The handbook of warnings\n                      . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006."},{"key":"bibr3-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/PL9P-XCE0-U8E2-RLMA"},{"key":"bibr4-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Young R. Kent cigarettes: the marketing situation with 1957 plans and recommendations. November 1956, Bates 00307666, http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/mag50e00\/pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr5-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Maize v. Atlantic Refining Co. (Pa. 1945) 41 A.2d 850, 1945, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/maize_v_atlantic_refining_co.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr6-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Unknown. Smoking and health proposal. Brown and Williamson document no. 680561778-1786, 1969, https:\/\/www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/jryf0138 (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr7-1048291118794198","volume-title":"Doubt is in their product: How industry\u2019s assault on science threatens your health","author":"Michaels D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr8-1048291118794198","volume-title":"Smoke, mirrors, and hot air: How ExxonMobil uses big tobacco\u2019s tactics to manufacture uncertainty on climate science","author":"Shulman S","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr9-1048291118794198","volume-title":"Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming","author":"Oreskes N","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.07.026"},{"key":"bibr11-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Gravitt v. Bondex International, Inc., et\u00a0al. Tarrant county, Texas, No. 94-CI-10078 P511, 22 August 2002."},{"key":"bibr12-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Rawlings J. Letter to the office of safety and health standards in Washington. \u201cComments on the Proposed Amendment to the 29 CFR, Part 1910, as Published in the Federal Register January 12, 1972\u201d. Union Carbide Corporation, 11 February 1972, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/UCC_NIOSH_Criteria_Letter_72.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr13-1048291118794198","volume-title":"Asbestos: medical and legal aspects","author":"Castleman BI.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr14-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396713Y.0000000033"},{"key":"bibr15-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown V. Letter to Leroy Gardner, 20 November 1936, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/UCC_NIOSH_Criteria_Letter_72.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018).","DOI":"10.2307\/3912851"},{"key":"bibr16-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Gardner L. Letter to JP Woodward, 8 April 1946, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1946_gardner_woodward.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr17-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Vorwald AJ. Proceedings of the seventh Saranac symposium on pneumoconiosis, 22\u201326 September 1952, Saranac Lake, NY."},{"key":"bibr18-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb41113.x"},{"key":"bibr19-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Schmeck HMJr. A rare carcinoma believed on rise: study of asbestos workers shows a high incidence. The New York Times, 7 October 1964, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Schmeck_1964__A_Rare_Carcinoma_NYT.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr20-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Hall T, Dernehl C, Lane K. Internal correspondence to Dougherty et\u00a0al. and attachment: asbestos toxicology report, 12 January 1965, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/UCC_1965_Asbestos_Toxicology_Report.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr21-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Deposition of Thomas Hall. 11 June 2002, pp. 38\u201348, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/2002_deposition_thomas_hall.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr22-1048291118794198","unstructured":"OSHA at 30: three decades of progress in occupational safety and health. United States Department of Labor, 2001, https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/as\/opa\/osha-at-30.html (accessed 5 April 2018)."},{"key":"bibr23-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Rules and regulations: standard for exposure to asbestos dust, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1972-OSHAstandard_federal_register.pdf (1972, accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr24-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Swetonic M. Letter to AIA\/NA member companies, environmental control sub-committee, and legal counsel. Asbestos Information Association\/North America, 12 June 1972, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1972_AIA.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr25-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Rhodes H. Internal correspondence to W.C. Thurber. \u201cOSHA regulations\u2014asbestos use warning.\u201d UCC 014127, 30 May 1975, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1975_Rhodes_OSHA_Regulations.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr26-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Norris T. Call record with Brian Carr and Wolfgang Eisenhut of adhesive engineering. Union Carbide Corporation, 15 October 1976, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/wolfgang_eisenhut_customer_call_report_1976.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr27-1048291118794198","volume-title":"Asbestos toxicology report","author":"Union Carbide Corporation","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr28-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Calidria asbestos toxicology report. Union Carbide Corporation, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1969_Asbestos_Toxicology_Report.pdf (1969, accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr29-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Asbestos toxicology report. Union Carbide Corporation, 1 April 1970, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/UCC_1970_Asbestos_Toxicology_Report.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr30-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Taylor W. Report on proceedings. International conference on the biological effect of asbestos. Department of Social Medicine, Queen\u2019s College, Dundee, November 1964, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/taylor_report.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr31-1048291118794198","unstructured":"McDaniel P. Internal correspondence to J.A. Riddle. \u201cReport of the findings of my visit to King City\u201d. Union Carbide Corporation, 21 October 1964, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/McDaniel_Report_of_the_Findings_of_my_visit_to_King_City_1964.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr32-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Sayers IC. Asbestos as a health hazard in the Unizted Kingdom, 1967, UCC024973-91, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Sayers_Asbestos_as_a_Health_Hazard_in_UK_1967.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr33-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Dernehl C. Letter to Dr. Hall of Union Carbide Europa, Union Carbide Corporation, 7 June 1967, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Dernehl_to_Hall_1967.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr34-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Calidria asbestos SG-130 and SG-210 for tape joint compounds. October 1968, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1968_Calidria_Asbestos_SG-130_and_SG-210_for_Tape_Joint_Compounds.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr35-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Riddle JA. Letter to Mr. T. Frank Tobin. 9 May 1969, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1969_Riddle.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr36-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Myers J. Internal correspondence to Norris and Walsh. \u201cSafe use\u201d literature, 12 February 1974, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1974_myers_safe_use_literature.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr37-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Literature available for mailing on the safe use of asbestos, 12 February 1974, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1974_literature_available_safe_use_of_asbestos.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr38-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Ingalls BL. Report of call for baker castor oil, interview with Mr. Smith. Union Carbide Corporation, 5 April 1971, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Call_Report_to_MK_Smith_of_Castor_Oil.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr39-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Ingalls BL, et\u00a0al. Memorandum to Byrne. Set the mood. Union Carbide Corporation, 1972, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Ingalls_Memorandum_Set_the_Mood.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr40-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Rhodes H, et\u00a0al. Internal correspondence at Byrne. Revision of the emergency temporary standard, 1973, A20869-74, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1973_rhodes_Revision_of_the_Emergency_Temporary_Standard.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr41-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Myers J. Chrysotile asbestos will not affect your health, 6 April 1973, UCC014291, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1973_myers_chrysotile_asbestos_will_not_affect_your_health.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr42-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Testimony of John Myers in Rice v. Union Carbide Corporation, et\u00a0al. United States District Court of South Carolina, CA 81-977-9, 9 April 1982."},{"key":"bibr43-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Testimony of John Walsh in Rice v UCC United States District Court South Carolina, 81-977-9, 22 August 2002."},{"key":"bibr44-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Testimony of John Walsh in Gravitt v. Bondex International, Inc., et\u00a0al. 22 August 2002, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/walsh_in_gravitt.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr45-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Smith M. Letter to Dupont Company. Response to your concerns about the presence of asbestos in Thixseal A and possible health hazards. The Castor Oil Company, 1972, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/smith_1972_concerns_about_asbestos_in_thixseal.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr46-1048291118794198","unstructured":"The use of asbestos as a thixotrope in Derakane applications. Dow Chemical, 16 October 1974, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Asbestos_as_a_Thixotrope_in_Derakane_Applications.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr47-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Rhodes H. Internal correspondence to Fusaro et\u00a0al. Dow chemical\u2014toxicology. Union Carbide Corporation, 11 April 1975, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Rhodes_1975_Dow_Toxicology.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr48-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Myers J, Rhodes H. Letter to TF Anderson, 29 April 1975, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/1975_myers_anderson.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr49-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Nelson vs. Union Carbide Corporation. The superior court of the state of California in and for the County of Alameda, 2013, No. RG12644175, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Nelson_v_UCC2013.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr50-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Vega vs. Georgia Pacific LLC, et\u00a0al. Supreme court of the state of New York, County of New York, 2013, 190409\/11, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/Vega_v_GeorgiaPacific2013.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr51-1048291118794198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/EXVJ-RR1P-AYCG-1WH6"},{"key":"bibr52-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Berman DW, Crump KS. Final draft: technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. Prepared for EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA #9345.4-06, 2003."},{"key":"bibr53-1048291118794198","unstructured":"Asbestos and health: questions and answers. Asbestos Information Association, 1974, http:\/\/egilman-anti-warnings-paper.com\/asbestos_and_health_qa.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."}],"container-title":["NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291118794198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1048291118794198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1048291118794198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:23Z","timestamp":1777681763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1048291118794198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1048291118794198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1048291118794198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1048-2911","1541-3772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1048-2911","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]}}}