{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:55:28Z","timestamp":1788375328949,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MDB, Inc.","award":["47QRAA20D0028 \/ 75N96020F00166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47QRAA20D0028 \/ 75N96020F00166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The United States\u2019 opioid public health crisis continues having disastrous consequences on communities, including workers and employers. From May 2019 to May 2020, the largest number of drug overdose deaths was recorded over a twelve-month period. The \u201ctwindemics\u201d of COVID-19 and opioids underscore the urgent need to address workers\u2019 physical and mental health. Although much has been written about the negative impacts of the opioid epidemic on the workplace, few initiatives have focused on primary prevention, addressing work-related root causes of opioid use disorders (e.g., injury, stress) that may lead to prescription or illicit opioid use. We suggest primary prevention efforts to address the connection between workplace hazards and opioid misuse, dependence, and addiction such as examining patterns of work injury and stress with records of opioid prescription. Government funding should be expanded to support primary prevention and research efforts to strengthen the evidence-base to support workplace primary prevention endeavors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911211039880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T07:04:11Z","timestamp":1629875051000},"page":"210-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["It Is Time to Implement Primary Prevention in the Workplace to Ameliorate the Ongoing U.S. Opioid Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6866-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora B.","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0670-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clearinghouse for Worker Safety and Health Training, Schenectady, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10482911211039880","unstructured":"American Medical Association. Issue brief: reports of increases in opioid-and other drug-related overdose and other concerns during COVID pandemic, https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/system\/files\/2020-12\/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr2-10482911211039880","unstructured":"American Public Health Association. A public health approach to protecting workers from opioid use disorder and overdose related to occupational exposure, injury, and stress, https:\/\/www.apha.org\/policies-and-advocacy\/public-health-policy-statements\/policy-database\/2021\/01\/13\/protecting-workers-from-opioid-use-disorder (2020, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr3-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen JD, Harnett P. Confronting two crises: the COVID-19 pandemic, the opioid epidemic, and the IH.\n                      The Synergist,\n                      https:\/\/synergist.aiha.org\/202101-confronting-two-crises (2021, accessed 13 May 2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911211029580"},{"key":"bibr4-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1210"},{"key":"bibr5-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increase in fatal drug overdoses across the United States driven by synthetic opioids before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2020\/han00438.asp (2020, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr6-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4"},{"key":"bibr7-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305716"},{"key":"bibr8-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318145a731"},{"key":"bibr9-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Zelaya CE, Dahlhamer JM, Lucas JW, et\u00a0al. Chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among U.S. adults, 2019, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db390.htm (2020, accessed 13 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr10-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Executive order 12564\u2013drug-free federal workplace, https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/codification\/executive-order\/12564.html (1986, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr16-10482911211039880","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. The science of drug use and addiction: the basics, https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/media-guide\/science-drug-use-addiction-basics (n.d., accessed 14 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr17-10482911211039880","unstructured":"National Alliance on Mental Illness. State mental health cuts: a national crisis, https:\/\/www.nami.org\/getattachment\/About-NAMI\/Publications\/Reports\/NAMIStateBudgetCrisis2011.pdf (2011, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr18-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Trust for America\u2019s Health. The impact of chronic underfunding on America\u2019s public health system: trends, risks, and recommendations, 2021, https:\/\/www.tfah.org\/report-details\/pandemic-proved-underinvesting-in-public-health-lives-livelihoods-risk\/ (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr19-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23202"},{"key":"bibr20-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/cgi-bin\/dbdown\/ch (2021, accessed 13 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr21-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305060"},{"key":"bibr22-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.06.010"},{"key":"bibr23-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.03.004"},{"key":"bibr24-10482911211039880","unstructured":"The National Academies of Sciences Engineering, Medicine, others. Pain management and the opioid epidemic: balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. Consensus report, The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine, USA, 2017."},{"key":"bibr25-10482911211039880","unstructured":"U.S. Government Accountability Office. Workplace safety and health: actions needed to improve reporting of summary injury and illness data. Report GAO-21-122, Government Accountability Office, USA, February 2021."},{"key":"bibr26-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Ergonomics\u2014standards and enforcement FAQs, https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/ergonomics\/faqs (2015, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr27-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Siddharthan K, Nelson A, Tiesman H, et\u00a0al. 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Safe patient handling programs, https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OSHA3279.pdf (2013, accessed 14 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr29-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-172608"},{"key":"bibr30-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2016.18.4.hlaw1-1604"},{"key":"bibr31-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)60028-8"},{"key":"bibr32-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2016.1252971"},{"key":"bibr33-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030130106"},{"key":"bibr34-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001143"},{"key":"bibr35-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.015"},{"key":"bibr36-10482911211039880","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Occupational and environmental health","author":"Landsbergis PA","year":"2017","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr37-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600355X"},{"key":"bibr38-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00057-X"},{"key":"bibr39-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000909"},{"key":"bibr40-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Connecticut Department of Labor. Workforce innovation and opportunity act\u2014recovery works\u2014national dislocated worker opioid grant, http:\/\/www.ctdol.state.ct.us\/wia\/opioidgrant\/recoveryworks.htm (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr41-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Quick takes, https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/quicktakes\/09202019 (2019, accessed 21 June 2021)."},{"key":"bibr42-10482911211039880","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Heroin research report, https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/heroin\/how-heroin-linked-to-prescription-drug-misuse (2021, accessed 21 June 2021)."},{"key":"bibr43-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Liberty Mutual Insurance. Liberty mutual workplace safety index 2020, https:\/\/business.libertymutual.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WSI_1000.pdf (2021, accessed 21 June 2021)."},{"key":"bibr44-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Hoffman J. Drug giants close in on a $50 billion settlement of opioid cases.\n                      The New York Times\n                      , https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/16\/health\/opioids-settlement-distributors.html (2019, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr45-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Public Health Center at Mitchell Hamline School of Law. Master settlement agreement, https:\/\/www.publichealthlawcenter.org\/topics\/commercial-tobacco-control\/commercial-tobacco-control-litigation\/master-settlement-agreement (n.d., accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr46-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Broken promises to our children, https:\/\/www.tobaccofreekids.org\/what-we-do\/us\/statereport (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr47-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking & tobacco use, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/fast_facts\/index.htm (2020, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr48-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products | Electronic cigarettes, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/basic_information\/e-cigarettes\/severe-lung-disease.html (2020, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr49-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health effects of cigarette smoking, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/effects_cig_smoking\/index.htm (2020, accessed 14 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr50-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Office of National Drug Control Policy. The Biden-Harris administration\u2019s statement of drug policy priorities for year one, https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/BidenHarris-Statement-of-Drug-Policy-Priorities-April-1.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2TBk34U_XRqlqK_pAYnUd_9f7zY3IbCQI9KxI6S5eYeRJdFzl9B09hZ84 (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr51-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Department of Labor. U.S. Department of Labor Announces Funding Opportunity to Support Communities Impacted by the Opioid Crisis | U.S. Department of Labor, https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/newsroom\/releases\/eta\/eta20191031-0 (2019, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr52-10482911211039880","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health. Factors associated with nursing home infections and fatalities in New York state during the COVID-19 global health crisis, https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/press\/releases\/2020\/docs\/nh_factors_report.pdf (2021, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr53-10482911211039880","unstructured":"New York State Office of the Attorney General Letitia James. Nursing home response to COVID-19 pandemic, https:\/\/ag.ny.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-nursinghomesreport.pdf (2021, accessed 14 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr54-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911211010343"},{"key":"bibr55-10482911211039880","unstructured":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Opioids and the workplace: leadership training, https:\/\/tools.niehs.nih.gov\/wetp\/public\/hasl_get_blob.cfm?ID=12343 (2020, accessed 14 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr56-10482911211039880","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Opioids in the workplace, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/opioids\/default.html (2021, accessed 13 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr57-10482911211039880","unstructured":"Dale AM, Evanoff B, Macomber M, et\u00a0al. Can ergonomics programs help solve the opioid crisis? Preventing pain is the key, https:\/\/synergist.aiha.org\/201905-ergonomics-opioid-crisis (2019, accessed 12 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr58-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56958-7_2"},{"key":"bibr59-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199511000-00004"},{"key":"bibr60-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23021"},{"key":"bibr61-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.07.002"},{"key":"bibr62-10482911211039880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.12.019"}],"container-title":["NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10482911211039880","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10482911211039880","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10482911211039880","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:30:42Z","timestamp":1777681842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10482911211039880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10482911211039880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10482911211039880","relation":{},"ISSN":["1048-2911","1541-3772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1048-2911","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}}}