{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T08:13:37Z","timestamp":1786781617747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Michigan Eisenberg Family Depression Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study, using a nationally representative dataset of the U.S. workforce, examines how punitive workplace drug policies relate to opioid use\/misuse and psychological distress. Methods: The sample included adults aged \u226518 years who participated in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and were employed in 2020. Hierarchical multivariate logistical models were constructed to address the research questions. Results: The weighted, design-based estimates indicate that of 147\u2005831\u2005081 workers, 3.38% reported misusing opioids in the last 12 months. Having a punitive workplace policy was associated with higher rates of opioid use\/misuse among workers aged\u2009\u2264\u200934 compared to their same-aged counterparts in nonpunitive workplaces, and among workers identifying as Black, Indigenous, or Person of Color who also experienced severe psychological distress the past year. Conclusion: Some employers may think drug testing policies are net-beneficial to worker well-being; these findings indicate such policies may interact in harmful ways with psychological distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911241231523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T01:58:07Z","timestamp":1707443887000},"page":"22-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship Between Workplace Drug Policies, Opioid Misuse, and Psychological Distress: Evidence From the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6866-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora B.","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Urban-Wojcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eisenberg Family Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Seewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eisenberg Family Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana R.","family":"Mezuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eisenberg Family Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10482911241231523","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 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Social Determinants of Health\u2014Healthy People 2030, https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/priority-areas\/social-determinants-health (2021, accessed 4 December 2022)."},{"key":"bibr43-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6721"},{"key":"bibr44-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.64"},{"key":"bibr45-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02715-y"},{"key":"bibr46-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3667"},{"key":"bibr47-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911211037905"},{"key":"bibr48-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3"},{"key":"bibr49-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984960222002"},{"key":"bibr50-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.143446"},{"key":"bibr51-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-07-2020-0262"},{"key":"bibr52-10482911241231523","volume-title":"Collaborating during coronavirus: the impact of COVID-19 on the nature of work","author":"DeFilippis E","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr53-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002370"},{"key":"bibr54-10482911241231523","unstructured":"University of Utah Health. 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Workers\u2019 Compensation and the Opioid Epidemic, https:\/\/www.mathematica.org\/-\/media\/publications\/pdfs\/health\/2020\/owcp_opioidprescriptionmanagement1_finalreport.pdf (2020, accessed 1 December 2023)."},{"key":"bibr64-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22937"},{"key":"bibr65-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4050","volume":"1","author":"O\u2019Hara NN","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bibr66-10482911241231523","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Benefits of Recovery-Ready Workplace Policies, https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/eta\/RRW-hub\/Recovery-ready-workplace\/Benefits-of-RRW (2021, accessed 1 December 2023)."},{"key":"bibr67-10482911241231523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7016a1"},{"key":"bibr68-10482911241231523","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 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