{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:43:34Z","timestamp":1777931014513,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The controversy over whether repeated head impact (RHI)\u2014a feature of occupations including professional contact sports, military service, firefighting, and logging\u2014can cause the neurodegenerative disease now known as CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) has thrust many positive epidemiologic studies into the spotlight. Various skeptics who dispute that the relationship is strong and causal continue to raise objections to these studies and their interpretation. The arguments these skeptics use remind other observers of many past sagas of \u201cmanufactured doubt,\u201d particularly the history of attempts to cast doubt on the propensity of tobacco products to cause lung cancer. A recent article in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    complained that drawing the parallel between RHI and cigarettes is unhelpful, concluding that \u201cthe time for politically motivated analogies has now passed.\u201d This author disagrees, and explains in detail 2 scientific aspects of risk assessment and management that make the analogy apt and instructive for the future. In particular, I argue that the problem of \u201cmanufactured doubt\u201d here is two-fold: it relies on various fallacies of reasoning discussed herein, but more importantly, it seeks to divert and delay the utilitarian imperative\u2014while we grope toward the ever-elusive certainty, there are many low-regret actions we can and should take on the basis of persuasive signals of harm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911241273628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T04:15:25Z","timestamp":1727410525000},"page":"154-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["We Should Celebrate, Not Censor, Learning From Epidemiologic History"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Finkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"291","article-title":"The NFL as a workplace: The prospect of applying occupational health and safety law to protect NFL workers","volume":"60","author":"Finkel AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finkel AM, Deubert CR, Lobel O, et al. The NFL as a workplace: The prospect of applying occupational health and safety law to protect NFL workers. Ariz Law Rev 2018; 60: 291\u2013368. https:\/\/arizonalawreview.org\/pdf\/60-2\/60arizlrev291.pdf","journal-title":"Ariz Law Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.938163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30159-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception","author":"Michaels D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michaels D. The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020, available at https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Triumph-Doubt-Money-Science-Deception\/dp\/0190922664. See especially Chapter 4, \u201cThe Head Doctors\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Climate Change","author":"Oreskes N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oreskes N, Conway EM. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Climate Change. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, available at https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Merchants-Doubt-Handful-Scientists-Obscured\/dp\/1608193942\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Whelan EM. Stop banning products at the drop of a rat. Washington Times Sunday Magazine Dec. 12 1994 pp. 18-20. https:\/\/jmp.sh\/emgwymdx"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Finkel AM. Rodent tests continue to save human lives. Washington Times Sunday Magazine Dec. 12 1994 pp. 20-22."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Beeler C. From \u201cmedicinal\u201d to dangerous: Cigarettes through the years. National Public Radio Feb. 9 2010; available at https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/pictureshow\/2010\/02\/cig_ads.html#."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Belson K. Roger Goodell insists football is safe: \u201cThere\u2019s risk in life.\u201d New York Times February 6 2016 Section D page 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910390001001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00228-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"480","article-title":"Cancer risk (letter)","volume":"73","author":"Peto R","year":"1977","unstructured":"Peto R. Cancer risk (letter). New Sci 1977; 73: 480\u2013481.","journal-title":"New Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Philipps D. A secret war strange new wounds and silence from the Pentagon. New York Times Nov. 5 2023 page A1. Available at https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/11\/05\/us\/us-army-marines-artillery-isis-pentagon.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Bachnyski K Clissold A. Spongebob slime and brain injuries: A dangerous combination for kids. Hastings Center Bioethics Forum Feb. 8 2024 available athttps:\/\/www.thehastingscenter.org\/spongebob-slime-and-brain-injuries-a-dangerous-combination-for-kids\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Cutting the Fat Tail of Climate Risk: Carbon Backstop Technologies as a Climate Insurance Policy","author":"Carl J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carl J, Fedor D. Cutting the Fat Tail of Climate Risk: Carbon Backstop Technologies as a Climate Insurance Policy. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Essay, 2019, Available at https:\/\/www.hoover.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/docs\/cutting-the-fat-tail-climate-risk.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Richardson ZS Lindrooth RC. The impact of NFL kickoff rule changes on player injuries: Foregoing excitement to reduce injuries? Munich Personal RePEc Archive December 2018 available at https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/90314\/1\/MPRA_paper_90314.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"National Football League. Official playing rules of the National Football League 2023. Available at https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/media\/tvglh0mx\/2023-rulebook_final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17511321.2024.2365400"}],"container-title":["NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10482911241273628","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10482911241273628","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10482911241273628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:31:52Z","timestamp":1777681912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10482911241273628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10482911241273628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10482911241273628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1048-2911","1541-3772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1048-2911","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}