{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:13:20Z","timestamp":1783761200913,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology training grant","award":["T32 ES007018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES007018"]}]},{"name":"North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center pilot project grant"},{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health training grant","award":["T42OH008673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T42OH008673"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Solut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 1917 and 2007, Alcoa operated an aluminum smelting plant in Badin, North Carolina, resulting in hazardous occupational and environmental exposures in West Badin, a predominantly Black community. We partnered with the Concerned Citizens of West Badin Community to document the experiences of prior employees and their families. We used a community-engaged survey approach to summarize residents\u2019 workplace and community-level experiences. Fourteen interviews were coded for recurring themes. Potroom work was the most frequently reported job. Occupational exposures included asbestos, extreme heat, and dust inhalation. Additional workplace stressors included take-home exposures and racism. Most participants expressed concerns about environmental exposures as well. Health conditions most frequently reported included cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Badin residents experience cumulative impacts of occupational and environmental hazards resulting from Alcoa's operations. This survey served as a tool for documenting their experiences, identifying ongoing environmental concerns, supporting community organizing, and highlighting the resilience of the West Badin community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911261455061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:40:46Z","timestamp":1780638046000},"page":"211-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Documenting Experiences of Black Aluminum Smelting Workers in West Badin, North Carolina: A Community-Engaged Survey Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherrel","family":"Manley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Teka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavithra","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African and African Diaspora Studies &amp; Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Bullard RD Mohai P Saha R Wright B. Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites. OH USA: United Church of Christ Cleveland. 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002193479802800305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12111-020-09511-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/ares.2021.120107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02143-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3349837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.12501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Cataneo E. The Long Complicated Legacy of a North Carolina Company Town. https:\/\/undark.org\/2021\/12\/15\/the-long-legacy-of-a-company-town\/ (2021 accessed 6 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2399654420901567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Former Alcoa Workers Continue to Raise Concerns about Buried Hazardous Waste","author":"Miller C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miller C. Former Alcoa Workers Continue to Raise Concerns about Buried Hazardous Waste. Salisbury, NC USA: The Stanly News & Press. https:\/\/www.thesnaponline.com\/2023\/03\/22\/former-alcoa-workers-continue-to-raise-concerns-about-buried-hazardous-waste\/ (2023, accessed 6 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Miller C. Residents voice concerns about Badin Works contamination. Salisbury Post. https:\/\/www.salisburypost.com\/2019\/11\/20\/residents-voice-concerns-about-badin-works-contamination\/ (2019 accessed 6 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Turner Z. Badin residents still demand accountability from Alcoa. WUNC. https:\/\/www.wunc.org\/environment\/2023-10-23\/west-badin-alcoa-alumninum-piedmont-protest-study (2023 accessed 6 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.12.989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"US EPA. Background Report AP-42 SECTION 12.1: Primary Aluminum. US EPA. NC USA: Research Triangle Park. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/documents\/b12s01.pdf (1998 accessed 12 Jan 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0521-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"NCDEQ. 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Stanly News Press. https:\/\/www.thesnaponline.com\/2023\/03\/13\/alcoas-continued-pollution-in-badin-draws-attention-of-nonprofit-group\/ (2023, accessed 6 August 2024).","journal-title":"Stanly News Press"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","article-title":"PW special report: Residents of NC town long treated as a massive waste dump demand action","author":"Sorg L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorg L. PW special report: Residents of NC town long treated as a massive waste dump demand action. NC Newsline. https:\/\/ncnewsline.com\/2019\/12\/16\/pw-special-report-residents-of-nc-town-long-treated-as-a-massive-waste-dump-demand-action\/ (2019, accessed 6 August 2019).","journal-title":"NC Newsline"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Salisbury Post. Former Alcoa workers continue raising concerns about hazardous waste. https:\/\/www.salisburypost.com\/2023\/03\/23\/former-alcoa-workers-continue-raising-concerns-about-hazardous-waste\/ (2023 accessed 6 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","article-title":"Alcoa\u2019s legacy haunts West Badin: community continues push for a cleaner future","author":"Atwater W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atwater W. Alcoa\u2019s legacy haunts West Badin: community continues push for a cleaner future. NC Health News. https:\/\/www.northcarolinahealthnews.org\/2023\/10\/09\/alcoas-legacy-haunts-west-badin-community-continues-push-for-a-cleaner-future\/ (2023, accessed 6 August 2024).","journal-title":"NC Health News"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","article-title":"Pollution, death taint former Alcoa company town","author":"Dunsmith G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunsmith G. Pollution, death taint former Alcoa company town. 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WNCT 9. https:\/\/www.wnct.com\/news\/north-carolina\/decades-of-dump-from-alcoa-plant-plaguing-the-residents-of-badin-lake\/ (2021, accessed 6 August 2024).","journal-title":"WNCT 9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198111412591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.58.5.267-274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920490452526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2007.0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2007.110486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp11405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21030262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20235-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9124452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291117712545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-007-9084-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924x.2023.2299378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Limits of epidemiology","volume":"1","author":"Wing S","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wing S. Limits of epidemiology. Med Glob Surviv 1994; 1: 74\u201386.","journal-title":"Med Glob Surviv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser B","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser B, Strauss A. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1967."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations: Occupational Exposures During Aluminium Production IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK304404\/ (2012 accessed 24 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","unstructured":"Howe J. Warning! Behavior-Based Safety Can Be Hazardous To Your Health and Safety Program! 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EPA Budget Would Be Cut in Half With Trump\u2019s 2027 Proposal https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/environment-and-energy\/trump-seeks-deep-cuts-to-epa-budget-for-second-year-in-a-row (2026 accessed 13 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","unstructured":"Eastman N. Final NPDES Permit for Alcoa Badin Business Park Released by DEQ. https:\/\/www.yadkinriverkeeper.org\/news\/final-permit-alcoa-badin-business-park (2025 accessed 8 Jan 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","unstructured":"NCDEQ. NCDEQ Division of Water Resources issues revised wastewater discharge permit for Badin Business Park. https:\/\/www.deq.nc.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2025\/11\/19\/ncdeq-division-water-resources-issues-revised-wastewater-discharge-permit-badin-business-park (2025 accessed 8 Jan 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","unstructured":"EPA. 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