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This group carried multiple layers of stigma because of sex work, drug use (including injecting drug use), and having contracted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). This stigma was powerfully reinforced by the language routinely used by health professionals. To improve the effectiveness of harm-reduction interventions, it is recommended that service providers change their language, in particular in recognition of the human dignity of these clients, but also to help attract and retain drug users in services, and to help reduce the unacceptable mortality levels among drug users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732311404031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T01:10:21Z","timestamp":1302138621000},"page":"1086-1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Stigmatization Among Drug-Using Sex Workers Accessing Support Services in Dublin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All Hallows College, Dublin, Ireland,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ballymun Axis Arts Centre, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"25","volume":"15","author":"Ablon, J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.04.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb3","first-page":"186","volume":"88","author":"Ahern, J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport, G.","year":"1954"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307309373"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J200v02n02_08"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Research outcome study in Ireland evaluating drug treatment effectiveness (ROSIE): Baseline data report","author":"Comiskey, C.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"31","key":"atypb8","volume":"3","author":"Cooper, C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Drug use, sex work and the risk environment in Dublin","author":"Cox, G.","year":"2009"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687630500226779"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2003.10.009"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"161","volume":"73","author":"Day, S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourinary Medicine"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Drug misuse in Ireland 1982-1993. 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