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Moreover, MMT outcome variables are often limited in terms of their measurement. Utilizing an integrated theoretical framework of social control and stigma, we focused on the experiences of methadone maintenance from the perspective of clients. We pooled interview data from four qualitative studies in two jurisdictions and found linkages between social control and institutional stigma that serve to reinforce \u201caddict\u201d identities, expose undeserving customers to the public gaze, and encourage clients to be passive recipients of treatment. We discuss the implications for recovery and suggest recommendations for change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732311432718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,10]],"date-time":"2012-01-10T00:45:19Z","timestamp":1326156319000},"page":"810-824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Methadone as Social Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"McElrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802483936"},{"key":"bibr2-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802342899"},{"key":"bibr3-1049732311432718","volume-title":"Pathways from heroin addiction: Recovery without treatment","author":"Biernacki P.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr4-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005574918294"},{"key":"bibr5-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687630210148465"},{"key":"bibr6-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.901"},{"key":"bibr7-1049732311432718","unstructured":"Central Statistics Office. (2006). Persons, males and females, aged 15 years and over in each province, county and city, classified by labor force, employment status and labor force participation rate. Retrieved from http:\/\/census.cso.ie\/census\/ReportFolders\/ReportFolders.aspx"},{"key":"bibr8-1049732311432718","volume-title":"Visions of social control: Crime, punishment and classification","author":"Cohen S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr9-1049732311432718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.11.004"},{"key":"bibr10-1049732311432718","unstructured":"Department of Health and Children. (2002). Report of the benzodiazepine committee. Dublin: Author. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dohc.ie\/publications\/benzodiazepines_good_practice_guidelines.html"},{"key":"bibr11-1049732311432718","unstructured":"Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. (2010). Statistics from the Northern Ireland substitute prescribing database: 31 March 2010. Belfast: Author. 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