{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:02:47Z","timestamp":1777384967247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Hosp Palliat Care"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In palliative care, drug delivery methods must be simple, rapid and acceptable especially in homecare settings to relatives as non-professional caregivers. This study compared intranasal (IN) and subcutaneous (SC) administration performed by medical laypersons under standardized conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>31 volunteers without medical training participated in a non-randomised crossover study. After receiving instructions, participants performed both SC and IN administration in a simulated environment using placebo medication. Primary endpoints were preparation and administration time. Secondary endpoints included perceived ease, comfort, safety and handling difficulties. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses used paired t-tests and binomial testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All participants (27 female, median age range 50-60 years) completed both procedures. Mean administration time: 4:49 minutes (SD 1:20) for SC, 1:16 minutes (SD 0:20) for IN (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001, d = 2.97). &gt;90% preferred IN and rated it as easier (30\/31, 97%), more comfortable (30\/31, 97%), faster (30\/31, 97%) and safer (21\/31, 68%). SC was consistently rated more complex (30\/31, 97%) and cumbersome (30\/31, 97%). Handling errors were more frequent with SC application. Nearly half of participants (15\/31) had prior SC experience, while all had personal experience with nasal sprays, though not in administering them to another adult. Participants emphasized the importance of training for safe and accurate administration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical laypersons strongly preferred IN over SC administration. IN was significantly faster, more acceptable and associated with fewer handling problems. These findings support IN administration as a practical and caregiver-friendly alternative in palliative care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Identification<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>173-02, protocol Version 02, 03.11.2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091261427444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:35:27Z","timestamp":1771324527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of Intranasal Versus Subcutaneous Drug Administration: A Non-Randomised Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6384-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Hirschinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University"},{"name":"Pharmacy, Mannheim University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanze","family":"R\u00e9mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Thanbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolf-K.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Gencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Oncology, Pain and Palliative Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Boch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2001.7.2.8918"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10049-017-0318-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","unstructured":"Koch HJ Matthiessen F. Nasale Applikation - auf direktem Weg zum Wirkort. Pharm Ztg. 2006;50."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","first-page":"162017","volume-title":"Nasalia - Applikationsroute Mit T\u00fccken","author":"Daniels R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniels R. Nasalia - Applikationsroute Mit T\u00fccken. Pharmazeutische Zeitung; 2017:162017."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orodispersible and transmucosal alternative medications for symptom control in adults","volume":"12","author":"Sutherland AE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sutherland AE, Presland M, Harrop E, Carey M, Miller M, Wong ICKC. Orodispersible and transmucosal alternative medications for symptom control in adults. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2020;12(3):1-11.","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","unstructured":"Suter-Zimmermann K. Transmucosal nasal drug delivery. In: Systemic Bioavailability of Nasally Applied Midazolam. Basel2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040519"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0627"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020400"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2022.2028955"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-023-01330-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","volume-title":"Mischinfusionen in Der Palliativmedizin, Kompatibilit\u00e4t Und Stabilit\u00e4t palliativmedizinisch-relevanter Arzneimittelmischungen","author":"R\u00e9mi C","year":"2017","unstructured":"R\u00e9mi C. In: M\u00fcnchen L-M-U, ed. Mischinfusionen in Der Palliativmedizin, Kompatibilit\u00e4t Und Stabilit\u00e4t palliativmedizinisch-relevanter Arzneimittelmischungen; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0249"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2015.0214"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301218814121"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","first-page":"203","article-title":"Selbstwirksamkeit von Angeh\u00f6rigen bei fr\u00fcher Integration von Supportiv-\/Palliativversorgung in die Onkologie","volume":"18","author":"B\u00e4r K","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00e4r K, Preisler M, Rohrmoser A, Letsch A, Goerling U. Selbstwirksamkeit von Angeh\u00f6rigen bei fr\u00fcher Integration von Supportiv-\/Palliativversorgung in die Onkologie. Untersuchung von Anforderungssituationen und M\u00f6glichkeiten zur F\u00f6rderung. 2017;18(04):203-214.","journal-title":"Untersuchung von Anforderungssituationen und M\u00f6glichkeiten zur F\u00f6rderung"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13131"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10499091261427444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10499091261427444","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10499091261427444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:31:44Z","timestamp":1777368704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10499091261427444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10499091261427444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10499091261427444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-9091","1938-2715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-9091","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"article-number":"10499091261427444"}}