{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:58:41Z","timestamp":1787068721449,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thyroid\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain metastases from thyroid cancer (TC) are rare but signify an advanced stage of the disease with poor survival outcomes. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with brain metastasis-specific survival (BMS) in patients with brain metastases from TC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Data were extracted from studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE up to July 18, 2025. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for potential prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 24 studies, including 301 patients with brain metastases from TC, were included. BMS was 18 months (confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 3.56). Key prognostic factors associated with decreased BMS included anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (HR, 3.3; CI, 1.06 to 10.3;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (HR, 1.95; CI, 1.07 to 3.56;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03), poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group &gt;1) (HR, 2.62; CI, 1.69 to 4.05;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), multiple brain metastases (HR, 1.89; CI, 1.24 to 2.89;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004), and the presence of distant metastases (HR, 1.97; CI, 1.13 to 3.44;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). Neither the size nor the anatomical location of brain metastases was significantly associated with BMS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain metastases from TC are associated with poor survival, with key prognostic factors including aggressive tumor subtypes, poor performance status, multiple brain metastases, and the presence of extracranial metastases, particularly in the lungs. These findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach and the importance of systemic disease control in improving outcomes for this challenging patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256251372639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T16:26:28Z","timestamp":1758039988000},"page":"1378-1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prognostic Factors in Thyroid Cancer Patients With Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Msherghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Learned","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Zafereo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir A.","family":"Dagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceylan","family":"Altintas Taslicay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Dagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Alizada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi I.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E.","family":"Cabanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naifa","family":"Busaidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Tawbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CNS - Rad Onc Clinical, Division of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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