{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T02:49:43Z","timestamp":1794624583584,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019752","name":"Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140001282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140001282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the most significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on human societies was the transformation of face-to-face training (F2F) into distance education (DE) processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate computer vision syndrome (CVS) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify the risk factors that may lead to increased incidence of CVS in university professors due to DE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using an online questionnaire, occupational and demographic information, hours of computer, laptop, smartphone, and tablet usage before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were collected. In the second part, participants were asked to report the frequency of occurrence and severity of 16 CVS symptoms over the past year and the last 7 days. The third section of the questionnaire recorded CVS risk factors such as ergonomic status of workstations, during virtual live training (VLT) and offline content creation during the COVID-19 period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of CVS was 9.03% before COVID-19 and 34.19% during COVID-19. The cumulative incidence of CVS was 25.48%. The mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD of the CVS final score significantly increased before (6.82\u2009\u00b1\u20094.29) and during COVID-19 (8.48\u2009\u00b1\u20097.11) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Associated factors with CVS revealed using Univariate analyses (OR &gt;1; 95% CI 0.75\u201311.27,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DE has led to increased prevalence and incidence of CVS in university professors during the COVID-19 pandemic. It appears that associated factors with CVS such as increased usage time of smartphones can contribute to increase CVS in university professors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815241290055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T20:09:44Z","timestamp":1733861384000},"page":"1202-1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating computer vision syndrome and associated factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative cross-sectional study in faculty members"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Workplace Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Hesam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Moradpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad","family":"Farhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Workplace Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S265079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","article-title":"Personal protective equipment for protecting healthcare staff during COVID-19 outbreak: a narrative review","volume":"4","author":"Kalantary S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalantary S, Khadem M, Golbabaei F. 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