{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:25:07Z","timestamp":1777929907828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BP are the most common means for carrying items and are used by a large population but transporting heavy loads (over extended periods of time) can lead to a variety of health-related problems. An ergonomic backpack (EBP) was designed as a potential solution to reduce the incidence of injuries associated with heavy backpack weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to design a novel ergonomic offloading backpack that reduced loads on the shoulder and spine compared to a traditional modern day backpack (BP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strap tension and shoulder loads were measured in a common two strap style commuter BP and the EBP during quiet (vertical) stance conditions for five weight increments (0\u2005kg to 11\u2005kg) to confirm the offloading capabilities of the EBP. Portable luggage scales were attached directly to the shoulder straps and configured to measure strap tension. Load sensors placed underneath the shoulder straps provided an estimate of the total force acting on the shoulders and transferred to the spine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The EBP had a large effect size and significant reduction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in shoulder loads compared to a traditional BP for all bag weight conditions. Similarly, the EBP had a large effect size in reducing strap tension compared to the traditional modern day two strap BP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A newly designed EBP was effective at transferring a significantly large portion of the shoulder and spine loads to the pelvic region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815241290644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T06:52:16Z","timestamp":1739256736000},"page":"860-870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and validation of a novel ergonomic backpack"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8452-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndsey K.","family":"Bouve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis J.","family":"DiAngelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-200214030-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09659-4_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"Johnson T. Cloud staps: development of a backpack to solve back pain author(s) grade level 11th grade. South Carolina Junior Academy of Science Available from: https:\/\/scholarexchange.furman.edu\/scjas\/2022\/all\/89\/. 2022 Cloud staps: development of a backpack to solve back pain author(s) grade level 11th grade. South Carolina Junior Academy of Science. Available from: https:\/\/scholarexchange.furman.edu\/scjas\/2022\/all\/89\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-58-7308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.3.306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"Faiz A Syihabuddin R Bana N et al. Innovation for Hiking Backpack to Reduce Force and Load on the Back Part of Body with Hypothermia Early Prevention Function Asia Young Scholars SUmmit2019 Available from: http:\/\/pukat.ppitiongkok.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/AYSS2019_paper_72.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA377886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-999-0109-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Hall G. Back to school backpack safety Estes Park Health2019 Available from: https:\/\/eph.org\/back-to-school-backpack-safety."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Rein M. Backpacks hurting your kids\u2019 backs Mayo Clinic Health System2022 Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org\/hometown-health\/speaking-of-health\/are-backpacks-hurting-your-kids-backs"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"ZeroG. Zero G Weight Reducing Backpack by Keep Pursuing 2020 Available from: https:\/\/www.keeppursuing.com\/products\/zero-g."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-210261"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-0303-1193"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"Jacobs K. International backpack awareness day focuses on proper usage. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Available from: https:\/\/www.aota.org\/about\/for-the-media\/international-backpack-awareness-day-focuses-on-proper-usage. 2023 International backpack awareness day focuses on proper usage. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). Available from: https:\/\/www.aota.org\/about\/for-the-media\/international-backpack-awareness-day-focuses-on-proper-usage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2009-0831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","unstructured":"AOTA. Backpack strategies for parents and students 2019 Available from: https:\/\/www.aota.org\/\u223c\/media\/Corporate\/Files\/Backpack\/Backpack%20Strategies%20for%20Parents%20%20Students.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Backpack improper use causes musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"237","author":"Toghroli R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toghroli R, Reisy L, Mansourian M, et al. Backpack improper use causes musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents: A systematic review. J Edu Health Promot 2021; 237: 1\u201310. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_306_20","journal-title":"J Edu Health Promot"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effectiveness of an ergonomic intervention program in college students carrying backpack in a metropolitan city","volume":"11","author":"Waradkar C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waradkar C, Palsule S. Effectiveness of an ergonomic intervention program in college students carrying backpack in a metropolitan city. 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