{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:19:03Z","timestamp":1783610343294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heavy loads are carried out manually by rice mill workers, which causes a considerably high compressive force on the spine, particularly in the L4-L5 region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the posture and discomfort experienced by the rice mill workers in manual materials handling (MMH) tasks. To estimate the moment and back compressive force (BCF) at L4-L5 using digital human modeling (DHM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The posture of 12 males was measured for three MMH tasks and three modes of load carrying. The measured posture was analyzed using the Kinovea software. A manikin was developed using CATIA software to estimate the moment and BCF. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) discomfort score was estimated on the developed manikin. A survey was carried out using a modified Nordic questionnaire to assess the discomfort among the workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The torso flexion varied from 39.6\u00b0 to 52\u00b0 and 3.4\u00b0 to 7.7\u00b0 for load carrying on back and on head, respectively. The moment and BCF at L4-L5 were significantly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) higher for load carrying on back as compared to load carrying on head. The BCF at L4-L5 during load carrying on back was higher than the threshold limit of 3400 N. The RULA score during load carrying on back was 5 on 7-point scale. The mean discomfort score was relatively higher on the lower back and upper back.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RULA score and BCF suggest the need for intervention to reduce discomfort and compressive force at L4-L5 among rice mill workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815251358133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1752655136000},"page":"93-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital human modeling for occupational health of rice mill workers in manual materials handling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bista Surya Kumar","family":"Chhetry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh 791109, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna Narayan","family":"Dewangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh 791109, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.45.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220500111392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3846\/1392-3730.2008.14.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2016.1189682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"2226","article-title":"Manual material handling risk assessment tool for assessing exposure to risk factor of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a review","volume":"11","author":"Kadikon Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kadikon Y, Rahman MNA. 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