{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:44:53Z","timestamp":1793814293231,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Universitas Gadjah Mada","award":["No. 6529\/UN1.P1\/PT.01.03\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 6529\/UN1.P1\/PT.01.03\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Industrial tasks often require workers to maintain awkward static postures at non-optimal workstations, leading to physical strain and musculoskeletal issues. Exoskeletons offer potential ergonomic benefits by reducing physical workload. However, the efficacy of passive lower-limb exoskeletons in non-optimal workstation conditions remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the ergonomic efficacy of a passive lower-limb exoskeleton during simulated industrial tasks performed at workstations with varying heights and tilt angles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen participants performed bolting tasks at workstations configured at two heights (60\u2005cm and 90\u2005cm) and three tilt angles (0\u00b0, 45\u00b0, and 90\u00b0), under exoskeleton and non-exoskeleton conditions. Assessments included muscle activity (erector spinae and rectus femoris), joint angles (lumbar, hips, and knees), segmental REBA scores, perceived exertion, and perceived discomfort. Mixed-effects and generalized linear mixed models evaluated the impact of workstation conditions and exoskeleton use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The exoskeleton reduced erector spinae muscle activity by an average of 39% and supported more neutral hip and knee postures (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), though it increased rectus femoris activity at the higher workstation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and segmental REBA scores for the trunk and leg under specific conditions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, although exoskeleton use did not have a significant effect on perceived exertion or discomfort, workstation height significantly influenced both variables (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The passive lower-limb exoskeleton may reduce specific muscle loads and improve posture in non-ideal settings, though its efficacy varies by workstation configuration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261416883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:01:43Z","timestamp":1771524103000},"page":"749-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ergonomic evaluation of passive lower-limb exoskeletons in simulated industrial tasks at non-optimal workstations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7907-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardiyanto","family":"Ardiyanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rama","family":"Nazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachmad Falah","family":"Ramadhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewa Ngurah Mahaswara","family":"Putera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Herawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Medical Service, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herianto","family":"Herianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5143\/JESK.2015.34.4.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/ijosh.v14i3.63073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1180-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233720932815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Occupational exoskeletons: overview of their benefits and limitations in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"7","author":"Theurel J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Theurel J, Desbrosses K. 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