{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:09:03Z","timestamp":1789664943472,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007694","name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-KA163201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KA163201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parcel loading and unloading often involve deep trunk flexion and external loads, elevating lumbar stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare lumbar load across delivery truck types (Conventional, Low-entry, Newly designed) and task types (loading, unloading) using erector spinae electromyography, lumbar flexion angle, and L5\/S1 compressive force.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten delivery workers performed standardized loading and unloading cycles in each truck. Electromyography was normalized to maximal voluntary contraction; lumbar kinematics were recorded with an inertial measurement unit system; and L5\/S1 compression was estimated frame by frame with a biomechanical model using a 98 N hand load. For each variable, the 50th and 90th percentiles were computed. Effects of truck type and task type, as well as their interaction, were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Truck type significantly influenced lumbar flexion. At the 50th percentile, the newly designed truck showed 24.0% less flexion than the conventional and 43.9% less than the low-entry; at the 90th percentile, reductions were 19.6% and 30.6% (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). L5\/S1 compression also varied by truck type: at the 50th percentile, the newly designed truck was 21.6% lower than the low-entry and 13.8% lower than the conventional; at the 90th, it was 7.9% lower than the low-entry (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while the conventional showed no significant differences. EMG showed no significant effects, and task effects were minimal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The newly designed truck reduced lumbar flexion and L5\/S1 compression relative to the low-entry and conventional trucks, demonstrating a clear ergonomic benefit for parcel handling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261432075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:00:03Z","timestamp":1774263603000},"page":"7-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative analysis of lumbar load across delivery truck designs during loading and unloading tasks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Ku","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Ho","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5726-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungjae","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1854-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Logistics System Research, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon-Kyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Logistics System Research, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6470-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunji","family":"Keum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"A convergence study on working conditions and health-related factors influencing well-being in door-to-door deliverers","volume":"10","author":"Lee Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee Y. 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