{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:59:54Z","timestamp":1790834394067,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020963","name":"Moonshot Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMS2011-65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS2011-65"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has driven a global shift in teleworking, serving as a real-world experiment in remote labor. As workplaces advance toward technologically mediated environments, including avatar-based systems for remote interaction, understanding the health implications of teleworking is crucial for future occupational health standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examined the health-related outcomes of teleworking during the pandemic, comparing Japan and other countries to inform health-supportive remote work systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured narrative review was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed) and IEEE Xplore through January 9, 2026. Studies were included if they examined teleworking in adult workplace environments and reported physical, mental, behavioral, or performance-related outcomes. Data from 67 eligible studies (12 from Japan and 55 from other countries) were analyzed for the physical health, mental health, lifestyle factors, and work performance domains. Cultural and institutional factors were examined to understand the regional differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Telework has been linked to musculoskeletal discomfort, sedentary behavior, psychological stress, and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Japanese and international studies have identified these challenges, although the manifestations vary by context. In Japan, inflexible teleworking, inadequate home infrastructure, and an office-centric culture exacerbate negative outcomes, particularly for women and caregivers. International studies have highlighted the benefits of flexible scheduling and organizational support. Cultural norms and institutional readiness mediated these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review demonstrates the need for evidence-based health standards for next-generation remote work environments including avatar-based systems. We propose recommendations incorporating ergonomic design, health monitoring, organizational flexibility, and cultural adaptation. As remote work technologies evolve, policy frameworks must prioritize worker well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261434906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1774611914000},"page":"304-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Telework-related health outcomes in Japan and globally: Implications for avatar-based work standards"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Nakae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Presence Media Research Group, Deep Interaction Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ohga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Shimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kumazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Oi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Science, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Koganei, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Science, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Koganei, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenobu","family":"Sumioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Presence Media Research Group, Deep Interaction Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Japan Cabinet Office. 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