{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:05:43Z","timestamp":1790816743734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001790","name":"Central Queensland University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022949","name":"Australasian College of Paramedicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paramedics have a higher prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder than the general population. However, some paramedics may experience significant distress and impairment on a daily or weekly basis while never meeting post-traumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria, as post-traumatic stress reactions often resolve within days or weeks following potentially psychologically traumatic event exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate post-traumatic stress symptom severity in a cohort of paramedics following exposure to a single potentially psychologically traumatic event (i.e., post-traumatic stress reaction strength) and following exposure to multiple events over time (i.e., post-traumatic stress overall), and examine how prior trauma history, frequency of event exposure, social support, and relationship satisfaction affect post-traumatic stress symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational repeated-measures study was used to evaluate post-traumatic stress symptoms among Australian paramedics. Participants completed an initial survey and six weekly repeated measures surveys. Data were analysed as a single group using descriptive and bivariate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-one participants were included. A significant positive association was found between prior history and post-traumatic stress overall, but not post-traumatic stress reaction strength. Frequency of event exposure was significantly, independently associated with more post-traumatic stress overall and post-traumatic stress reaction strength. Neither social support nor relationship satisfaction were significantly associated with post-traumatic stress overall or post-traumatic stress reaction strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior trauma history and frequency of event exposure could increase paramedics\u2019 risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress. However, findings are preliminary and hypothesis-generating and further investigation is required to inform prevention, screening, and treatment strategies for managing paramedics\u2019 post-traumatic stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261437678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:15:18Z","timestamp":1775560518000},"page":"374-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A repeated measures investigation of post-traumatic stress symptoms among Australian paramedics over six weeks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Norman Gardens, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Thompson Institute; School of Health; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing; College of Education, Psychology &amp; Social Work; Flinders University; Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7036-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace E","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appleton Institute; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3164-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L","family":"Rebar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation of Health Behaviours Lab; Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Norman Gardens, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Motivation of Health Behaviors Lab; Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior; Arnold School of Public Health; University of South Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1151248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674251381004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/EHSJ.EHSJ_3_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534765613496646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Beyond Blue Ltd. 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