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The data were collected through FGD, interviews and documents review from both companies officials and employees [N\u2009=\u2009110].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed that employees engaged in SWM work under hazardous conditions, lacking personal protective equipment, proper contracts, and adequate social security benefits like health and pension fund registration. Moreover, their remuneration is unattractive and insufficient to sustain a basic livelihood, leaving their overall livelihood severely impoverished.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While outsourcing in solid waste management within Tanzanian local governments aligns with employment-generation objectives under outsourcing theory, the reality is characterized by weak labor protections, low and irregular wages, and limited access to social security, which deviate from both theoretical expectations and legal standards. These deficiencies directly undermine the livelihoods of workers, exposing them to income instability, occupational risks, and economic vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261445919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:24:36Z","timestamp":1777987476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Livelihood implications for employees of outsourced solid waste management in Tanzanian local government authorities"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Rogers","family":"Rugeiyamu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Government Training Institute, Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boniphace","family":"Kumburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Government Training Institute, Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Ndunguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Government Training Institute, Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2025.162003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"EPA US. 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