{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:49:42Z","timestamp":1782406182196,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bathing residents is among the most physically demanding tasks in long-term care facilities, involving frequent lifting, turning, washing, and dressing. In Taiwan, chronic staff shortages force caregivers to work under time pressure and adopt awkward, non-ergonomic postures, substantially increasing the risk of cumulative musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the association between postural risk and MSDs among caregivers performing bathing tasks in long-term care facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen caregivers from long-term care institutions in Yunlin and Chiayi, Taiwan, participated. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal discomfort, and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was applied to evaluate postural risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean REBA score was 11.67 (SD\u2009=\u20090.94), indicating a very high-risk task requiring immediate intervention. The trunk and upper arms showed greater risk than the lower arms and legs. The mean MSD score was 1.87 (SD\u2009=\u20091.97), with a prevalence of 84.4%. Symptoms were most severe in the lower back, followed by the upper limbs. Pain locations corresponded with high-risk postures, suggesting an association between posture and discomfort. Risk levels were unrelated to age or work tenure but were linked to task exposure and environmental constraints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bathing assistance poses a risk for long-term care workers. Facilities should prioritize height-adjustable electric shower beds and armrest-supported chairs to reduce trunk flexion. Although body mechanics training and job rotation may help, they cannot fully address staffing shortages or workspace \u201cconstraints.\u201d Long-term adoption of automated bathing systems is needed to reduce hazardous exposure and improve safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261459431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:34:27Z","timestamp":1782128067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing postural risks and musculoskeletal pain among caregivers performing bathing tasks in long-term care facilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Hui-Wen","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengchuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"National Development Council. Population projections for the Republic of China (Taiwan) 2024\u20132070 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 15]. Available from: https:\/\/pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw\/News.aspx?n=3&sms=10347."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"National Development Council. Population ageing [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ndc.gov.tw\/Content_List.aspx?n=2688C8F5935982DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Gender Equality Committee Executive Yuan. Number of caregivers [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gender.ey.gov.tw\/gecdb\/Stat_Statistics_Query.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. Annual report on aging and long-term care in Taiwan [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Nov 15]. 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