{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T07:43:59Z","timestamp":1786175039122,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Industrial ice manufacturing utilizing anhydrous ammonia (\n \n \n N<\/mml:mi>\n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) refrigeration presents high-severity occupational risks. While strictly mandated in the Philippines by Republic Act No. 11058, a profound execution gap often persists within decentralized provincial economies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This research evaluates baseline levels, structural gaps, and predictive factors of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) compliance, hazard awareness, and operational practices among ice manufacturers in Bislig City, Philippines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Utilizing a quantitative cross-sectional design, data was gathered via a total population census (N\u2009=\u200925) from a commercial plant (CC Ice Plant) and a cooperative facility (MAFISCO). Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was executed to isolate institutional predictors of worker hazard awareness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The workforce is male dominated (96%) and extraordinarily junior, with 64% possessing five years of experience or less. Hazard mapping demonstrated a \u201ccatastrophe bias,\u201d where 80% of workers prioritize acute chemical threats (ammonia leaks) while systematically under-prioritizing chronic physical hazards like slips, trips, and falls (44%). The MLR model demonstrated exceptional predictive capacity, explaining 93.5% of the variance in hazard awareness\n (p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.009, Adjusted\n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.935). Training Frequency functioned as the strongest relative predictor (\n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.613, p\u2009=\u20090.001), closely supported by floor-level Supervisory Support (\n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.479, p\u2009=\u20090.001) and visible Compliance Enforcement (\n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.395, p\u2009=\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Expanding administrative training hours in isolation is insufficient; its real-world utility in enhancing hazard awareness hinges entirely on concurrent, visible shop-floor enforcement and active supervisory reinforcement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261473187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:20:31Z","timestamp":1785943231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of occupational safety and health compliance among the ice industry of Bislig City, Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Charvitt M","family":"Magayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Engineering Department, North Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Bislig Campus, Bislig, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ianvic M","family":"Poyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Engineering Department, North Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Bislig Campus, Bislig, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bendon Dreyx C","family":"Leonor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Engineering Department, North Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Bislig Campus, Bislig, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Allan B","family":"Jomoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Engineering Department, North Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Bislig Campus, Bislig, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5737-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Alberto E","family":"Lastimado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Engineering Department, North Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Bislig Campus, Bislig, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2025.2491209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chas.2c00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Evaluation of human vulnerability and toxic effects of chronic and acute occupational exposure to ammonia: a case study in an ice factory","volume":"78","author":"Soltanzadeh A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soltanzadeh A, Mahdinia M, Nikbakht N, et al. 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