{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:26:12Z","timestamp":1787300772520,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital leadership is increasingly recognized as critical to organizational digital transformation. How digital leadership fosters employee proactive behavior through job characteristics remains insufficiently understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on Job Demands-Resources theory, this study develops and tests a dual-pathway model examining how digital leadership influences employee proactive behavior through digital job demands and digital job resources, with employee digital literacy as a boundary condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected through a three-wave time-lagged survey of 533 employees across four industries undergoing digital transformation in China. Mediation and moderation effects were tested using bootstrapping procedures and hierarchical multiple regression with the PROCESS macro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital leadership was positively associated with employee proactive behavior through two complementary pathways: reduced digital job demands and enhanced digital job resources. Employee digital literacy moderated both pathways, such that the indirect effects were stronger among employees with higher digital literacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Organizations should invest in digital leadership development programs that address both demand optimization and resource empowerment, and should cultivate employee digital literacy. Further research is needed to examine these mechanisms across different cultural contexts, digital platform ecosystems, and demographic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261477360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:50:02Z","timestamp":1786974602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How digital leadership fosters employee proactive behavior: A dual-pathway model based on job demands and resources"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Mingqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4022-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University of Finance and Economics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"World Investment Report 2025: International investment in the digital economy","author":"UNCTAD","year":"2025","unstructured":"UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2025: International investment in the digital economy. United Nations 2025.","journal-title":"United Nations"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.4005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-09-2023-0786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2021.3070139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21512\/commit.v15i1.6663"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518221123132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02662426251314108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.70033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030140202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630002600304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-11-2022-0647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2022-0872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2026.100970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-10-2023-0756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ER-02-2025-0094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/BJM-08-2024-0495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251411403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1751207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1767532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33844\/ijol.2025.60530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-014-9388-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S363434"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of hotel digital leadership on employee digital voice: A social cognitive theory perspective","volume":"24","author":"Li W","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li W, Zhang J, Xie C, et al. The effect of hotel digital leadership on employee digital voice: A social cognitive theory perspective. J Hosp Mark Manag 2026; 24: 1\u201329.","journal-title":"J Hosp Mark Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2012.751438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-09-2022-0350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2022.103590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-07-2023-0522"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"Digital leadership: Structural dimensions and scale development","volume":"45","author":"Zhang ZX","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang ZX, Zheng XM. Digital leadership: Structural dimensions and scale development. Bus Manag J 2023; 45(11): 152\u201368.","journal-title":"Bus Manag J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.248"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership","volume":"29","author":"Schwarzm\u00fcller T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwarzm\u00fcller T, Brosi P, Duman D, et al. How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership. Manag Rev 2018; 29(2): 114\u2013138.","journal-title":"Manag Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429286797-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(01)23005-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308321554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.3.636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2019.1616590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-3006-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"Bruskin SN Brezhneva AN Dyakonova LP et al. Business performance management models based on the digital corporation's paradigm. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.827057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06030-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20413866211006173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41409963"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Towards a theory of digital literacy: Three scenarios for the next steps","volume":"9","author":"Aviram A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aviram A, Eshet-Alkalai Y. Towards a theory of digital literacy: Three scenarios for the next steps. Eur J Open Distance E-Learn 2006; 9(1): 16.","journal-title":"Eur J Open Distance E-Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"DigEuLit: Concepts and tools for digital literacy development","volume":"5","author":"Martin A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martin A, Grudziecki J. DigEuLit: Concepts and tools for digital literacy development. Innov Teach Learn Inf Comput Sci 2006; 5(4): 249\u2013267.","journal-title":"Innov Teach Learn Inf Comput Sci"},{"issue":"71","key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","first-page":"7837","article-title":"The role of employees in digital transformation: A preliminary study on how employees\u2019 digital literacy impacts the use of digital technologies","volume":"28","author":"Cetindamar D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cetindamar D, Abedin B, Shirahada K. The role of employees in digital transformation: A preliminary study on how employees\u2019 digital literacy impacts the use of digital technologies. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 2021; 28(71): 7837\u201348.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Eng Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0451-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428103251542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"1025","article-title":"The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory","volume":"43","author":"Wu CH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu CH, Parker SK. The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. J Manage 2017; 43(4): 1025\u20131049.","journal-title":"J Manage"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1352100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15081024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-06-2020-0342"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Digital literacy and its relationship with employee performance in the 4IR","volume":"4","author":"Abas MKM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abas MKM, Yahaya RA, Din MSF. Digital literacy and its relationship with employee performance in the 4IR. J Int Bus Econ Entrep 2019; 4(2): 29\u201329.","journal-title":"J Int Bus Econ Entrep"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Bridging the digital HRM and business performance gap: Exploring the mediating role of employee digital literacy in the banking sector","volume":"30","author":"Mozammel S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mozammel S, Alkashami M, Abdulla IS, et al. Bridging the digital HRM and business performance gap: Exploring the mediating role of employee digital literacy in the banking sector. Int J Oper Quant Manag 2024; 30(2): 110\u2013123.","journal-title":"Int J Oper Quant Manag"}],"container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10519815261477360","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10519815261477360","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10519815261477360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:07:51Z","timestamp":1787299671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10519815261477360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10519815261477360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10519815261477360","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"article-number":"10519815261477360"}}