{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:39:45Z","timestamp":1787323185291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphones have become essential tools in modern daily life, with usage intensifying in the post-pandemic era. Prolonged and addictive smartphone use has been increasingly associated with Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the upper extremity. Beyond usage duration, device characteristics may also influence musculoskeletal strain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the relationships between smartphone usage patterns, addiction levels, device dimensions, pain severity, and the 12-month prevalence of MSD in the upper extremity<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 262 adults aged 19\u201344 years with at least 12 months of smartphone use. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire incorporating demographic variables, smartphone usage habits, device specifications, the SNMQ, the SAS-SV and the NPRS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 12-month prevalence of neck, shoulder, elbow, and wrist\/hand MSDs was 52.7%, 39.3%, 34%, and 51.1%, respectively. Smartphone addiction was present in 60.3% of participants and was significantly associated with shoulder, elbow, and wrist\/hand MSDs. Gender showed a small but significant association with shoulder symptoms. Correlation analyses revealed small positive associations between smartphone width and neck pain, and between phone length\/width and right wrist and right thumb pain. Logistic regression models identified that phone width predicted neck MSD, daily usage duration and overall body position contributed to shoulder MSD, age predicted elbow MSD, and both smartphone addiction and age predicted wrist\/hand MSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone addiction, specific device dimensions, and behavioral factors contribute to MSD. These findings underscore the need for ergonomic device design and informed usage practices to reduce musculoskeletal strain among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261478128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:54:57Z","timestamp":1787064897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dimensions of discomfort: Exploring smartphone dimensions and its impact on upper extremity musculoskeletal health"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Ramya Ramasamy","family":"Sanjeevi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India"},{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamalakannan","family":"Mohanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthick","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Zaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma J","family":"Abudayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma Omar","family":"Naseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazia","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa Javier","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzi Abdu","family":"Alajam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Sahely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bsmah Husein","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Jazan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaima A","family":"Alothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00744-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2023.103497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9040098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71153-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2026.103110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20051-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221087760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43161-021-00067-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17654-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2021.34.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12674\/ptk.2023.30.3.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.4.1797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06640-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_665_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2024.103102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251409664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.4410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of wearing a headscarf on forward head posture and dynamic balance in young collegiate females","volume":"31","author":"Saifi S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saifi S, Khan S, Quddus N, et al. Impact of wearing a headscarf on forward head posture and dynamic balance in young collegiate females. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics\u202f: JOSE 2025; 31: 1\u20137.","journal-title":"International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics\u202f: JOSE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61919\/cacwe384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.344.15294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1351955"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_351_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06837-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-220669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127241296339"}],"container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10519815261478128","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10519815261478128","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10519815261478128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:46:46Z","timestamp":1787320006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10519815261478128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10519815261478128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10519815261478128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"10519815261478128"}}