{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:49:12Z","timestamp":1791834552286,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a major occupational health concern, and REBA is widely used to evaluate postural risk. The role of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in REBA scoring remains insufficiently examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore REBA scoring differences between a certified human ergonomist and three generative AI systems under controlled multimodal input conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-seven anonymized posture images from four task categories were evaluated by a human reference evaluator and ChatGPT, Gemini, and Wrtn. Identical images and standardized posture descriptors were provided to the AI systems. REBA scores were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant rater, body-part, and rater \u00d7 body-part effects were observed. Wrtn generated comparatively higher trunk and wrist scores and lower scores for the lower arm, Gemini generated comparatively higher Final REBA scores, and ChatGPT produced comparatively lower scores across several body regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generative AI systems showed systematic body-region-specific differences in REBA scoring relative to the human reference evaluator. These exploratory findings indicate the need for further validation and expert oversight before AI-assisted REBA assessment is used in workplace practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261493106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:09:57Z","timestamp":1791547797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generative artificial intelligence in ergonomic risk assessment: A comparative analysis of REBA scores by human and AI raters"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Nam","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongyang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2025.08.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1358867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Employment and Labor. Status of industrial accidents as of the end of September 2024 [Internet]. 2024. https:\/\/www.moel.go.kr\/policy\/policydata\/view.do?bbs_seq=20241101499. [cited 2025 Aug 8]. Available from."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03945-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"2937","article-title":"Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and associated sociocultural reporting behaviors in Kuwait\u2019s construction industry","volume":"81","author":"Al-Khiami MI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Khiami MI, Lindhard SM, Wandahl S. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and associated sociocultural reporting behaviors in Kuwait\u2019s construction industry. Work [Internet] 2025 Jul 1 [cited 2026 Feb 9]; 81: 2937\u20132951. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40556299\/","journal-title":"Work [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of work related musculoskeletal disorders among electronics manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional analytical study in China","volume":"23","author":"Yang F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang F, Di N, Guo WW, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of work related musculoskeletal disorders among electronics manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional analytical study in China. BMC Public Health [Internet] 2023; 23(10). 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Comparative Study of the REBA and RULA Assessment Tools Efficiency for Workers Tasks. 2023 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science, ICMEAS 2023. 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2012.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","article-title":"Automated postural ergonomic risk assessment of workers in cement factories using human pose estimation","author":"Bernard A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bernard A, Gopavarapu A, Garapati V. Automated postural ergonomic risk assessment of workers in cement factories using human pose estimation. SSRN [Internet] 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 8]. Available from: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4917770","journal-title":"SSRN [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"WHO. WHO\/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Aug 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/environment-climate-change-and-health\/monitoring\/who-ilo-joint-estimates"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.064250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders: five common management approaches","volume":"58","author":"Rostykus W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rostykus W, Ip W, Mallon J. Musculoskeletal disorders: five common management approaches. Prof Saf 2013 Dec 1; 58: 35\u201342.","journal-title":"Prof Saf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10040239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","article-title":"Reliability and agreement during the rapid entire body assessment: comparing rater expertise and artificial intelligence","volume":"20","author":"Balogh D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balogh D, Cui X, Mayer M, et al. Reliability and agreement during the rapid entire body assessment: comparing rater expertise and artificial intelligence. PLoS One [Internet] 2025 May 1 [cited 2025 Aug 24]; 20: e0323262. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0323262","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Waseem S. Improving Workplace Ergonomics with AI Assessments [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Aug 24]. 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