{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:40:52Z","timestamp":1777466452813,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers' Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2025R117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy induces spinal changes that are generally expected to resolve by the end of the puerperium. However, the mode of delivery may influence this recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess pain-free active lumbar spine range of motion (ROM) in postpartum women following Cesarean birth (CB) or vaginal birth (VB), compared to women who had never been pregnant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional analytical study included 66 women divided into three groups: Group A (n\u2009=\u200925, CB women), Group B (n\u2009=\u200916, VB women), and Group C (n\u2009=\u200925, controls). Lumbar ROM, including flexion, extension, bilateral side bending, and axial rotation, was measured using bubble inclinometers between the 6th and 12th postpartum weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences were found among the groups in extension ROM (P\u2009=\u20090.002) and bilateral side bending ROM (P\u2009=\u20090.002 right, 0.004 left). Post-hoc analysis showed that CB women had significantly decreased extension ROM than controls (P\u2009=\u20090.001), and significantly decreased right and left side bending compared to both VB (P\u2009=\u20090.009, 0.013) and control groups (P\u2009=\u20090.010, 0.014). No significant differences were observed in flexion (P\u2009=\u20090.877) or axial rotation (P\u2009=\u20090.412 right, 0.753 left).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CB women exhibited persistent limitations in lumbar extension and side bending ROMs beyond the puerperium, possibly due to scar restrictions and core muscle weakness rather than pregnancy itself. VB women demonstrated spinal mobility more comparable to controls, suggesting VB may be more favorable for postpartum spinal recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127251384023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:04:26Z","timestamp":1761581066000},"page":"629-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["By the end of the puerperium: Kinematic assessment of lumbar spine range of motion after experiencing cesarean or vaginal birth"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed G","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Women's Health, Faculty of Physical Therapy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab S","family":"Mamoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Women's Health, Faculty of Physical Therapy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Auais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel M","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Women's Health, Faculty for Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem M","family":"Alwhaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoda M","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, Faculty for Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer A","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, Faculty for Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Isra University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waleed A","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty for Physical Therapy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walaa M","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, Faculty for Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed AM","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty for Physical Therapy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3135-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.3.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X18812449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200306000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Sung S","unstructured":"Sung S, Mahdy H. 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