{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:26:54Z","timestamp":1787095614562,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a significant public health concern. Proprioceptive and motor control deficits are contributing factors to its development and persistence; however, the force control has been scarcely investigated in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on whether trunk force control is altered in individuals with non-specific CLBP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three databases were searched (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) from inception to March 30, 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies evaluating force sense, effort sense, or force steadiness in CLBP patients were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies tool and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251028869).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Four reported reduced accuracy in trunk force sense, one alteration in effort sense, and three decreased force steadiness, with a very low certainty of evidence. Due to substantial heterogeneity in assessment protocols, including movement types, target force levels, and feedback conditions, a meta-analysis was not feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, CLBP patients demonstrate impairments in trunk force sense and force steadiness, but the certainty of evidence was very low These proprioceptive deficits may compromise movement efficiency and safety by causing over or under estimation of required force for a given task. There is a critical need to standardize assessment protocols to enable consistent evaluation of force control and for the development of interventions aimed at improving trunk force control in CLBP patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127261433616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:09:42Z","timestamp":1774260582000},"page":"1567-1579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is force control altered in patients with chronic low back pain? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyes-Ferrada","family":"Waleska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirosa-R\u00edos","family":"Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodr\u00edguez-Perea","family":"Angela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-7514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00ednez-Valdes","family":"Eduardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerez-Mayorga","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1480779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0052-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.875465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.2.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isokinetic trunk training on pain, disability, and strength in non-specific low back pain patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Reyes-Ferrada W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reyes-Ferrada W, Chirosa-Rios L, Martinez-Garcia D, et al. Isokinetic trunk training on pain, disability, and strength in non-specific low back pain patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 1: 1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reliability of trunk strength measurements with an isokinetic dynamometer in non-specific low back pain patients: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Reyes-Ferrada W","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reyes-Ferrada W, Chirosa-Rios L, Martinez-Garcia D, et al. Reliability of trunk strength measurements with an isokinetic dynamometer in non-specific low back pain patients: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 1: 1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418809074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann BL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability. J Athl Train 2002; 37: 71\u201379.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5460-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00486.2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2025.103284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00027.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-89"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05850-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000105983.19980.A8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Br Med J 2021; 372: n71.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00177-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. Br Med J 2020; 368: l6890.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19516-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2006.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.106009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2021.102376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","unstructured":"Ferreira AS De Oliveira Silva D Ferrari D et al. Knee and hip isometric force steadiness are impaired in women with patellofemoral pain www.nsca.com (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00084-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10538127261433616","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10538127261433616","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10538127261433616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:20:00Z","timestamp":1787095200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10538127261433616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10538127261433616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10538127261433616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8127","1878-6324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}