{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1788462773838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate differences in diaphragm and deep abdominal muscle function between patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and healthy controls and to examine their relationships with clinical parameters, including spinal mobility, quality of life, and balance performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with AS and healthy controls were included. Diaphragm and deep abdominal muscles were evaluated using two-dimensional ultrasonography. The clinical status of AS patients was assessed using ASDAS, BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, and ASQoL. Static and dynamic balance were assessed with the NeuroCom Balance Master, including limits of stability (LOS) and sit-to-stand (STS) tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      30 AS patients (27 male, 3 female) and 33 healthy controls (27 male, 6 female) were assessed. Ultrasound measurements showed significant between-group differences in diaphragm thickness at end-expiration (p\u2009=\u20090.021), transversus abdominis (TrA) thickness at rest (p\u2009=\u20090.009), and TrA thickening fraction during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (p\u2009=\u20090.010). AS patients demonstrated lower scores in several LOS and STS parameters compared with controls (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A significant negative correlation was found between the thickening fraction of the internal oblique muscle (TF\n                      <jats:sub>IO<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and ASQoL (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.371, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). TF\n                      <jats:sub>IO<\/jats:sub>\n                      showed positive correlations with BASMI (r\u2009=\u20090.439, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and tragus-to-wall distance (r\u2009=\u20090.461, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). For the internal oblique muscle, resting thickness correlated positively with cervical rotation (r\u2009=\u20090.464, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while TF\n                      <jats:sub>IO<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlated negatively with cervical rotation (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.571, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AS patients exhibit greater diaphragm end-expiratory thickness and resting TrA thickness than controls; however, reduced TrA thickening fraction indicates functional impairment despite these structural changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127261483473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:07:31Z","timestamp":1788275251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of diaphragmatic and deep abdominal muscle function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its relationship with clinical parameters: An ultrasound-based study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2701-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur","family":"Verep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"},{"name":"Dokuz Eylul University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba Demirci","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozkan","family":"Urak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatos","family":"Onen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8586-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seher","family":"Ozyurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"315","article-title":"Risk factors for work disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"28","author":"Ward MM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ward MM, Kuzis S. 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