{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:42:46Z","timestamp":1791618166498,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Music therapy (MT) is implemented in healthcare settings for a range of symptoms and conditions. This systematic review provides an update of the available evidence by searching a combination of keywords related to MT, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, Scopus) from inception to February 2025. We included randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, quasi-experimental, cohort, observational, and pre-post longitudinal studies with at least 20 participants. Eligible participants were adults with TBI and\/or PTSD, including participants with both diagnosed and subclinical conditions. We included studies that either examined the impact of MT (i.e., music interventions facilitated by board-certified music therapists [MT-BCs]) or used music for therapeutic purposes (i.e., music interventions facilitated by non-MT-BCs) either as the sole intervention or combined with other treatment modalities. Of the 446 studies screened, six studies met the eligibility criteria. For both TBI and PTSD, two studies on music therapy and one study that examined music instruction were included. Methodological weaknesses and imprecision of effect size estimates precluded making any strong conclusions. The current evidence is too inconclusive to generalize findings widely, however, there is potential use of MT for treating symptoms due to TBI and PTSD in the context of interdisciplinary neurorehabilitation. Advancing the clinical implementation of MT for these populations will hinge on future research that has more detailed descriptions of MT interventions, standardizing MT protocols, using common clinical outcome measures across studies, and incorporating widely used and validated measures of TBI and PTSD. [250 words]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10538135251387279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:21:01Z","timestamp":1762269661000},"page":"504-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Systematic Review of Music Therapy for Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4565-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay M.","family":"Uomoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. in support of Creative Forces\u00ae: National Endowment for the Arts Military Healing Arts Network, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshmi","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Skopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6795-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Hogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. in support of Creative Forces\u00ae: National Endowment for the Arts Military Healing Arts Network, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vaudreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. in support of Creative Forces\u00ae: National Endowment for the Arts Military Healing Arts Network, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6922-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Shank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Bellanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiriana","family":"Cowansage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kotzab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija S.","family":"Kelber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2228951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"American Music Therapy Association. (2015). Improving access and quality: Music therapy research 2025 proceedings. https:\/\/www.musictherapy.org\/assets\/1\/7\/MTR2025proceedings.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"American Music Therapy Association. (2021). Music therapy for pain management. https:\/\/www.musictherapy.org\/assets\/1\/7\/FactSheet_Music_Therapy_for_Pain_Management_2021_4-22update.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thx001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006787.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thw004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181cada03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mtp\/miy006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200409150-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/rbryant"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09544-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512452038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense Military Health System Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence. (n.d.). Department of Defense traumatic brain injury worldwide numbers. https:\/\/health.mil\/military-health-topics\/centers-of-excellence\/traumatic-brain-injury-center-of-excellence\/DOD-TBI-worldwide-numbers"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs\/Department of Defense. (2021). VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management and rehabilitation of post-acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Version 3.0. Washington DC: Department of Veterans Affairs\/Department of Defense."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs\/Department of Defense. (2023). VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Version 4.0. Washington DC: Department of Veterans Affairs\/Department of Defense."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069519892933"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","first-page":"43","author":"Francis J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Francis J., Faraone D. (2022). The evolution of music therapy in military medicine. In R. Vaudreuil (Ed.), Music Therapy With Military And Veteran Populations (pp. 43\u201364). Kingsley Publishers.","journal-title":"Music Therapy With Military And Veteran Populations"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mtp\/miu045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3386692"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3386589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1581291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/39.4.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.11.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315090894"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-208015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2022.2028886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S61340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pmu0000192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-021-00816-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1709709"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2342739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006787.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004517.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14800"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thz007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2024.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","unstructured":"National Endowment for the Arts. (n.d.). Creative forces: Clinical program. https:\/\/www.arts.gov\/initiatives\/creative-forces\/clinical-program"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","unstructured":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2021a). Quality assessment of controlled intervention studies. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","unstructured":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2021b). Quality assessment tool for before-after (pre-post) studies with no control group. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. (2023). Sound health: An NIH kennedy center partnership. Medical research initiatives. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/sound-health\/research-plan"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.45.3.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/17.4.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0274-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the impact of expressive therapies on military veterans with PTSD: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Poor S. B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poor S. B., Ryan S. R., Sortino A. N., Armour J. F., Livingston A. B., Pass M. A. (2023). Exploring the impact of expressive therapies on military veterans with PTSD: A systematic review. Arts and Health, 17(2), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17533015.2023.2284197","journal-title":"Arts and Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1551920"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2014.964753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2022.100277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198865285.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2021.1890138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6413"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","volume-title":"Emerging approaches to neurocircuits in PTSD and TBI: Imaging the interplay of neural and emotional trauma","author":"Spadoni A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spadoni A., Huang M., Simmons A. (2018). Emerging approaches to neurocircuits in PTSD and TBI: Imaging the interplay of neural and emotional trauma. Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02313-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thae011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.27.4.281"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Neuropsychological rehabilitation: The international handbook","author":"Thaut M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thaut M., Hoemberg V. (2017). Neurologic music therapy in neuropsychological rehabilitation. In Wilson B., Winegardner J., Heugten C., Ownsworth T. (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation: The international handbook (pp. 414\u2013424). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2014.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04585.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15845\/voices.v21i2.2952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17090180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1642056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2021.1962194"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1431842"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1075151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410377805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjmad.2024.100053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2010.485785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/41.2.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mtp\/miu020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1323794"}],"container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10538135251387279","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10538135251387279","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10538135251387279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:58Z","timestamp":1777680058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10538135251387279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10538135251387279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10538135251387279","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8135","1878-6448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8135","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}}}