{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:53:11Z","timestamp":1792155191716,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impaired hand function can limit independence. Sensory electrical stimulation (SES) and alternating electromyography-guided electrical stimulation (Alt-EMG) differ in stimulation characteristics and voluntary effort requirements, but comparative evidence is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare SES and Alt-EMG, each combined with conventional physical therapy, on upper-limb motor function, spasticity, and muscle strength in chronic stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This three-arm, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial included 60 adults aged 45\u201365 years, 6\u201318 months post-stroke, allocated equally to SES, Alt-EMG, or control groups (n\u2009=\u200920 each). The primary outcome was the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT); Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Medical Research Council (MRC) scores were secondary outcomes. ARAT was analyzed using ANCOVA adjusted for baseline score and age; ordinal outcomes were analyzed nonparametrically. Benjamini\u2013Hochberg and Holm corrections addressed multiplicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All participants completed the 12-week intervention. Treatment group significantly predicted adjusted post-intervention ARAT scores (F (2,55)\u2009=\u200923.19, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =.46). Adjusted mean gains versus control were 12.05 points for SES and 12.44 points for Alt-EMG (both P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), with no significant difference between active groups. Significant between-group differences were observed for shoulder, elbow, and wrist spasticity and most muscle-strength measures, except finger extensors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SES and Alt-EMG combined with conventional physical therapy produced greater improvement in upper-limb motor function than conventional physical therapy alone over 12 weeks. No difference was observed between SES and Alt-EMG for the primary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10538135261496135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:41:50Z","timestamp":1791992510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Sensory Electrical Stimulation Versus Alternating Electromyography-Guided Electrical Stimulation on Functional Recovery of the Hand in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5674-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dany Alphonse Anwar","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Suez University, Suez, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6586-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmelweis University Budapest"},{"name":"Kafrelsheikh University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6362-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmelweis University Budapest"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Hamied Ibrahim El-Sayed Mohammad","family":"El-sherbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, National Institute of Longevity Elder Sciences (NILES), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham Ali Mohamed Ali","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neuromuscular Disorders, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Beni-Suef University, New Beni-Suef, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.2.206","article-title":"Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity","volume":"67","author":"Bohannon R. 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