{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:43:56Z","timestamp":1777524236241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research at Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","award":["R01 DE 022438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DE 022438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare facial expressiveness (FE) of infants with and without craniofacial microsomia (cases and controls, respectively) and to compare phenotypic variation among cases in relation to FE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Positive and negative affect was elicited in response to standardized emotion inductions, video recorded, and manually coded from video using the Facial Action Coding System for Infants and Young Children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five craniofacial centers: Children\u2019s Hospital of Los Angeles, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Illinois\u2013Chicago, and University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty ethnically diverse 12- to 14-month-old infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FE was measured on a frame-by-frame basis as the sum of 9 observed facial action units (AUs) representative of positive and negative affect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FE differed between conditions intended to elicit positive and negative affect (95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.66, P = .01). FE failed to differ between cases and controls (ES = \u20130.16 to \u20130.02, P = .47 to .92). Among cases, those with and without mandibular hypoplasia showed similar levels of FE (ES = \u20130.38 to 0.54, P = .10 to .66).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FE varied between positive and negative affect, and cases and controls responded similarly. Null findings for case\/control differences may be attributable to a lower than anticipated prevalence of nerve palsy among cases, the selection of AUs, or the use of manual coding. In future research, we will reexamine group differences using an automated, computer vision approach that can cover a broader range of facial movements and their dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665617753481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T12:49:12Z","timestamp":1517230152000},"page":"711-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Facial Expressiveness in Infants With and Without Craniofacial Microsomia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Zakia","family":"Hammal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin R.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Heike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig B.","family":"Birgfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Oster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU School of Professional Studies, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Speltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.287"},{"key":"bibr3-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-016-0109-x"},{"key":"bibr41-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0803_5"},{"key":"bibr5-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316448104100307"},{"key":"bibr6-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.007"},{"key":"bibr7-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.4.616"},{"key":"bibr8-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813512775"},{"key":"bibr9-1055665617753481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00681.x"},{"key":"bibr10-1055665617753481","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Handbook of Affective Computing","author":"Cohn JF","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-1055665617753481","unstructured":"Cohen J. 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