{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:38:36Z","timestamp":1779356316237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goals of this research are (1) to establish normative nasalance values for bilingual Mandarin\u2013English speakers and compare values to those of previously reported monolingual Mandarin speakers, and (2) to examine whether sex, age, dialect, and language proficiency affect levels of nasalance among Mandarin\u2013English speakers in both English and Mandarin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All participants recorded the speech stimuli, constructed to include oral sentences, nasal sentences, oronasal sentences, and vowels \/\u0251, i, u\/ in Mandarin and English. Nasalance measurements were recorded using the Nasometer II 6450.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 45 (20 males and 25 females) native Mandarin speakers between 20 and 54 years of age from mainland China participated in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean nasalance scores of the Mandarin oral sentence (Mean [M] = 17.64, standard deviation [SD] = 7.33), oronasal sentence (M = 54.62, SD = 7.81), and nasal sentence (M = 68.73, SD = 8.09) are reported. Mean nasalance scores of the English oral sentence (M = 20.02, SD = 7.83), oronasal sentence (M = 58.71, SD = 7.59), and nasal sentence (M = 65.27, SD = 7.45) are reported. A repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant sex difference in nasalance scores for English stimuli (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .031) and Mandarin stimuli (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .040). There was no significant effects of age, dialect, and language proficiency on Mandarin or English stimuli.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to report normative values for Mandarin\u2013English speakers using the Nasometer II. Values reported can be used for objective assessment of bilingual speakers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665618791942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T03:45:55Z","timestamp":1534131955000},"page":"462-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluating Nasalance Values Among Bilingual Mandarin\u2013English Speakers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Eshan","family":"Pua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Kollara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Rangarathnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-14-0077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110823707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14015439.2016.1245781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/03-029.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200500270689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Catford JC Palmer JD Dew JE Barry RG Cheng HL Hsu VL Li Y. A contrastive study of English and Mandarin Chinese. 1974. Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center United States Department of Defense."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0017_rvovsp_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/12-202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"Nasometric Assessment of Bilingual Spanish\/English Speakers","author":"Doetzer RV","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doetzer RV. Nasometric Assessment of Bilingual Spanish\/English Speakers. College Park, MD: University of Maryland; 2008. Dissertation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439.2014.907339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(87)90025-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00128-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(74)90032-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","volume-title":"Understanding the Chinese Economies","author":"Guo R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo R. Understanding the Chinese Economies. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"The Modern Chinese","author":"Huang BR","year":"1983","unstructured":"Huang BR, Liao XD. The Modern Chinese. Lanzhou, China: Gansu People\u2019s Publishing House; 1983."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","volume-title":"Software Instruction Manual for Nasometer II Model 6400","author":"KayPentax","year":"2007","unstructured":"KayPentax. Software Instruction Manual for Nasometer II Model 6400. Pine Brook, NJ: Lincoln Park; 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2015.1116111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies: Effects on Speech and Resonance","author":"Kummer AW","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kummer AW. Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies: Effects on Speech and Resonance. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, NJ: Delmar Cengage Learning; 2008.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4101.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100303001208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439.2012.679965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728911000083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.1992-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at: the Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition","author":"Lewis MP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis MP, Simons GF, Fennig CD. Languages with at least 50 million first-language speakers. Paper presented at: the Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition; February, 2016; Dallas, TX."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"The Application of Nasometer on the Analysis of Normal and Cleft Palate Speech","author":"Luo Y","year":"1992","unstructured":"Luo Y. The Application of Nasometer on the Analysis of Normal and Cleft Palate Speech [in Chinese]. Beijing, China: School of Stomatology, Beijing Medical University; 1992."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/067)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Normative nasalance values across languages","volume":"6","author":"Mayo CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mayo CM, Mayo R. Normative nasalance values across languages. Echo. 2011;6(1):22\u201332.","journal-title":"Echo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","volume-title":"Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures","author":"MacKay IR","year":"1994","unstructured":"MacKay IR, Kummer AW. Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures. Lincoln Park, NJ: Kay Elemetrics; 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2010.549993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665618786350"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Acoustic measurements of vocalic nasality in Mandarin Chinese","volume":"20","author":"Rochet BL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rochet BL, Yanmei F. Acoustic measurements of vocalic nasality in Mandarin Chinese. Canad Acoust. 1992;20(3):53\u201354.","journal-title":"Canad Acoust"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Characteristics of nasalance in speakers of Western Canadian English and French","volume":"22","author":"Rochet AP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rochet AP, Rochet BL, Sovis EA, Mielke DL. Characteristics of nasalance in speakers of Western Canadian English and French. J Speech Lang Path Audiol. 1998;22(2):94\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Path Audiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3404.715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/02-094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/10-183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0287_nlitso_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/05-104.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/04-017.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1999_036_0243_eoslon_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/07-180.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2001_038_0119_nmicsw_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at: the American Speech-Language Hearing AssociationNovember","author":"Wozny CG","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wozny CG, Kuehn DP, Oishi JT, Arthur JL. Effect of passage length on nasalance values in normal adults. Paper presented at: the American Speech-Language Hearing AssociationNovember, 1994; New Orleans, LA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","volume-title":"Language Atlas of China","author":"Wurm SA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wurm SA, Li R, Baumann T. Language Atlas of China. Canberra, Australia: Australian Academy of the Humanities; Harlow, England: Longman Group (Far East); 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200500297716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728900000225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3906.1228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3906.1199"}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1055665618791942","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1055665618791942","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1055665618791942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1777393177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1055665618791942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1055665618791942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1055665618791942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]}}}