{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:14:41Z","timestamp":1791994481489,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K25DC014755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25DC014755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several different types of nasal emission that can occur during speech due to either velopharyngeal dysfunction or abnormal articulation in the pharynx. Nasal emission can be inaudible or very loud and distracting, depending on the size of the velopharyngeal opening and the physics of the flow. Nasal emission can be obligatory and\/or compensatory (due to abnormal structure) or it can be caused by a misarticulation that results in a substitution of a pharyngeal sound for an oral sound, despite normal velopharyngeal structure. Nasal emission can occur on all pressure-sensitive phonemes or it can be phoneme-specific. Although it is generally recognized that the loud and distracting form of nasal emission (called nasal turbulence or nasal rustle) is due to a small velopharyngeal opening, the causality of the distracted sound is debated. This article provides a brief review of the types of nasal emission, the terms used to describe it, and the potential causes. This article also stresses the need for further research to clarify the causality of the sound generated by a small velopharyngeal opening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619858873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T01:06:04Z","timestamp":1562029564000},"page":"123-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Understanding Nasal Emission During Speech Production: A Review of Types, Terminology, and Causality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liran","family":"Oren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Speech-Language Pathology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences &amp; Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2003_040_0590_trbtco_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0152_covgsi_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.0204.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"Human Communication Disorders","author":"McWilliams B","year":"1982","unstructured":"McWilliams B. Cleft palate. In: Shames G, Wiig E, eds. Human Communication Disorders. Columbus, OH: CE Merrill; 1982."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","volume-title":"Cleft Palate and Speech","author":"Morley ME","year":"1970","unstructured":"Morley ME. Cleft Palate and Speech. 7th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1970.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Cleft Palate Speech","author":"Peterson-Falzone SJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP. Cleft Palate Speech. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby\/Elsevier; 2010.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"The Clinician\u2019s Guide to Treating Cleft Palate Speech","author":"Peterson-Falzone SJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson-Falzone SJ, Trost-Cardamone J, Karnell MP, Hardin-Jones MA. The Clinician\u2019s Guide to Treating Cleft Palate Speech. 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