{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:15:50Z","timestamp":1791695750488,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial normalcy, as measured with 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional photographs, has been documented in the healthy pediatric population. However, static images convey far from a complete representation of an individual\u2019s daily interactions with peers. Craniofacial surgery induces changes to soft or osseous tissues and thereby affects dynamic facial expression. To-date, there has not been rigorous, dynamic quantification of normal facial expression. In this study, we used 4-dimensional (4D) imaging to assess the facial expression of healthy children to provide a normative reference point for craniofacial surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 36 healthy pediatric volunteers underwent 4D video recordings while performing a maximal voluntary smile. A face template containing 884 landmarks was registered and tracked throughout the videos using Dimensional Imaging software. Participants were divided into 2 smile groups: open-lip smile and closed-lip smile. Kinematic analysis of smiles was calculated for every landmark from its position in the resting frame to its terminal displacement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Composite smiles and Euclidean distance maps were generated displaying areas of greatest displacement near the oral commissures. There was significant difference between closed-lip and open-lip groups in regions of eyes and cheeks. In addition, the open-lip smile group demonstrated significantly greater displacement in the oral commissure on the left side compared to the right (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05); whereas, in the closed-lip group, the eyes and cheeks moved significantly more on the right side.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents an innovative method that can be used to evaluate facial expressions to help craniofacial surgeons restore functional movement in patients with facial anomalies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619887628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:22:05Z","timestamp":1573777325000},"page":"430-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Kinematic Analysis of Smiles in the Healthy Pediatric Population Using 3-Dimensional Motion Capture"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami R.","family":"Hallac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"},{"name":"Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhitha","family":"Thrikutam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pang-Yun","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Seaward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex A.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"},{"name":"Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/02-149.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01038"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Dental and facial asymmetries: a review","volume":"64","author":"Bishara SE","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bishara SE, Burkey PS, Kharouf JG. 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