{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:47:25Z","timestamp":1792626445243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003690","name":"Cleft Palate Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J. Daniel Subtelny Clinical Research Grant in Spee"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J. Daniel Subtelny Clinical Research Grant in Spee"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R03DC009676-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03DC009676-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify quantitative and qualitative differences in the velopharyngeal musculature and surrounding structures between children with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and noncleft controls with normal anatomy and normal speech.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the velopharyngeal mechanism in 20 children between 4 and 9 years of age; 5 with unrepaired SMCP and VPI. Quantitative and qualitative measures of the velum and levator veli palatini in participants with symptomatic SMCP were compared to noncleft controls with normal velopharyngeal anatomy and normal speech.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of covariance revealed that children with symptomatic SMCP demonstrated increased velar genu angle (15.6\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .004), decreased \u03b1 angle (13.2\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .37), and longer (5.1 mm,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .32) and thinner (4 mm,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) levator veli palatini muscles compared to noncleft controls. Qualitative comparisons revealed discontinuity of the levator muscle through the velar midline and absence of a musculus uvulae in children with symptomatic SMCP compared to noncleft controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The levator veli palatini muscle is longer, thinner, and discontinuous through the velar midline, and the musculus uvulae is absent in children with SMCP and VPI compared to noncleft controls. The overall velar configuration in children with SMCP and VPI is disadvantageous for achieving adequate velopharyngeal closure necessary for nonnasal speech compared to noncleft controls. These findings add to the body of literature documenting levator muscle, musculus uvulae, and velar and craniometric parameters in children with SMCP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620954749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T11:44:41Z","timestamp":1599738281000},"page":"313-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Velopharyngeal Muscle Morphology in Children With Unrepaired Submucous Cleft Palate: An Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham C.","family":"Schenck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapies, Gillette Children\u2019s Specialty Healthcare, Saint Paul, MN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"O\u2019Gara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy Morgan","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell F.","family":"Grasseschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Banner Health System, Phoenix, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Gillette Children\u2019s Specialty Healthcare, Saint Paul, MN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31828f2651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/09-158"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Submucous cleft palate","volume":"6","author":"Calnan J","year":"1954","unstructured":"Calnan J. 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