{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:41:32Z","timestamp":1777524092232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Assam"},{"name":"the National Rural Health Mission"},{"name":"the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts"},{"name":"Operation Smile Board and Operation Smile India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Does clonidine, as adjuvant to bupivacaine for suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks, reduce emergence agitation in patients undergoing cleft lip and cleft palate surgery?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, controlled, and double-blind study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guwahati Comprehensive Cleft Care Center, Guwahati (Assam, India).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 124 patients; with a median age of 5 years in the clonidine group (CLG) and 7 years in the control group (CG), who underwent cleft lip or cleft palate surgery were included. Exclusion criteria included lack of consent from patients or their guardians, allergy to local anesthetics, coagulation disorders, local infection at the puncture site before performing the block, and language difficulties or cognitive disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were randomized into 2 groups to receive bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks with either a bupivacaine\/clonidine mixture for the CLG or bupivacaine alone in the CG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary end point was the incidence of emergence agitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of emergence agitation (30.2% in the CG compared to 15.2% in the CLG; difference of incidences: 15%, 95% CI: 0.1-30.1). The percentage of patients requiring intraoperative Fentanyl was lower in the CLG (10.6% compared to 26.4%; difference of incidences: 15.8%, 95% CI: 1.8-29). No other differences were observed. Further research in a more typically aged children population undergoing cleft surgery is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of clonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in maxillary nerve block reduces the incidence of emergence agitation and intraoperative opioid consumption without hemodynamic or sedative side effects in patients undergoing cleft lip and palate surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620964141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1602480152000},"page":"755-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine for Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve Blocks in Cleft lip and Palate Repair: A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaston Echaniz","family":"Barbero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Plinio","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranjal","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Guwahati Comprehensive Cleft Care Center, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabamallika","family":"Borah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Guwahati Comprehensive Cleft Care Center, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Ciarallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Bosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"de Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2002_039_0145_aofpao_2.0.co_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"S118","article-title":"Postoperative pain in patients with cleft lip and palate in Srinagarind Hospital","volume":"94","author":"Augsornwan D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Augsornwan D, Pattangtanang P, Pikhunthod K, Surakunprapha P. 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