{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T10:00:08Z","timestamp":1784368808058,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R00-DE022378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00-DE022378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R00-DE024571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00-DE024571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DE015667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE015667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DE016148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE016148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["S21-MD001830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S21-MD001830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54-MD007587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54-MD007587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The unaffected relatives of individuals with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts have been shown to exhibit subtle craniofacial differences compared with the general population. Here, we investigate whether these morphological differences extend to the shape of the palate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a geometric morphometric analysis to compare palate shape in the clinically unaffected parents of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and adult controls of European, Asian, and African ancestry. We conducted pairwise group comparisons using canonical variates analysis, and then confirmed and characterized findings of shape differences using Euclidean distance matrix analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences in palate shape were detected in unaffected mothers (but not fathers) compared to demographically matched controls. The differences in shape were ancestry-specific; mothers of Asian-derived and African-derived ancestry showed wider and shorter palates with higher posterior palatal vaults, while mothers of European-derived ancestry showed narrower palates with higher anterior palatal vaults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that altered palate shape is a subclinical phenotypic feature, which may be indicative of elevated orofacial cleft risk. The risk phenotype varied by sex and ancestry, suggesting possible etiologic heterogeneity among demographic groups. Understanding the genetic basis of these informative palate shape traits may reveal new genes and pathways relevant to nonsyndromic orofacial clefting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620967235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T05:20:21Z","timestamp":1603862421000},"page":"847-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Parents of Children With Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefting Show Altered Palate Shape"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"El Sergani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Brandebura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmencita","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines"},{"name":"Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Quezon, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeez","family":"Butali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasiu L.","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Valencia-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Noel, Carrera, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia P. Restrepo","family":"Mu\u00f1eton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Noel, Carrera, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina M.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Bux\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Science Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Ross E.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic, Lancaster, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Neiswanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1897-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Marazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth M.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1055665620967235","unstructured":"Adams D, Collyer M, Kaliontzopoulou A. 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